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MICRB 201 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection?

A

A condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

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2
Q

What constitutes the pathologic state?

A
  1. Cumulative effects of infection damage
  2. Disruption of tissues and organs
  3. Results in disease
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3
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A

Any deviation from health

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4
Q

What factors cause disease?

A

Infections, genetics, aging, malfunctions of systems or organs

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5
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

Disruption of tissues/organs caused by microbes or their products

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6
Q

What are normal biota?

A

Large and diverse collection of microbes living on and in the body

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7
Q

What diseases can be influenced by differences in the gut microbiome?

A

Crohn’s, obesity, heart disease, asthma, autism, diabetes

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8
Q

What are the benefits of normal biota?

A

Influence organ development, prevent overgrowth of harmful microbes

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9
Q

What is microbial antagonism?

A

General antagonistic effect “good” microbes have against intruder microorganisms

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10
Q

What factors weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection?

A

Age, genetic/acquired defects in immunity, pregnancy, surgery/organ transplants, underlying disease, chemotherapy/immunosuppressive drugs, stress, other infections

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11
Q

What are endogenous infections?

A

Infections caused by microbiota already in/on the body, which typically occur when normal biota are introduced to a new bodily site

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12
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic, resulting in infection and disease

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13
Q

What are true pathogens?

A

Pathogens capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune systems

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14
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

Pathogens that cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when introduced to a part of the body that is not natural to them

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15
Q

What are biosafety levles?

A

A system of biosafety categories adopted by the CDC based on the general degree of pathogenicity and relative danger in handling of pathogens

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16
Q

What is virulence?

A

The degree of pathogenicity, indicated by a microbe’s ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage

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17
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

Characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to toxin production or induction of an injurious host response

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18
Q

What is the Infectious Dose (ID)?

A

The minimum number of microbes required for an infection to proceed

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19
Q

What is a portal of entry?

A

The characteristic route taken by a microbe to initiate infection

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20
Q

What are exogenous infections?

A

Infections originating from outside the body

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21
Q

How do infectious agents enter the skin?

A

Through broken skin or by forging pathways via digestive enzymes

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22
Q

How do infectious agents enter the GI tract?

A

Through food, drink, and other ingested substances

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23
Q

What are the gateways to the respiratory tract?

A

Oral cavity, nasal cavity

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24
Q

What affects how far into the respiratory tree an agent is carried?

A

Its size

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25
Q

Which pathogens use urogenital portals of entry?

A

Those transmitted by sexual means

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26
Q

What is the placenta?

A

An exchange organ that permits diffusion of dissolved nutrients and gases to the fetus

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27
Q

How can the fetus obtain microbes from the mother?

A

Spread from the umbilical vein, acquirement while passing through birth canal

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28
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold on host tissues

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29
Q

What factor affects adhesion?

A

The specific binding molecules on both the host and pathogen

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30
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

Chemical communication between nearby bacteria critical to establishment of infection

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31
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

White blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals

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32
Q

What are antiphagocytic factors?

A

Virulence factors used by pathogens to avoid phagocytes by circumventing some part of the phagocytic process

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33
Q

What are exoenzymes?

A

Enzymes secreted by microbes that break down and inflict damage on tissues, dissolve host’s defense barriers, and promote microbe spread into deeper tissues

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34
Q

What is a toxin?

A

A chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms

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35
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

Any toxin secreted by a living bacterial cell to the infected tissues

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36
Q

What is endotoxin, or lipopolysaccharide?

A

A toxin that is shed from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

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37
Q

What is a localized infection?

A

An infection in which the microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue

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38
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, usually via the bloodstream

39
Q

What is a focal infection?

A

Exists when the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues

40
Q

What is a mixed infection?

A

Several agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site

41
Q

What is the primary infection?

A

The initial infection

42
Q

What is the secondary infection?

A

Occurs when a primary infection is complicated by another infection by a different microbe

43
Q

What are acute infections?

A

Infections that come on rapidly and have short-lived effects

44
Q

What are chronic infections?

A

Infections that progress and persist over a long period of time

45
Q

What is a sign?

A

Any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer; more precise than symptoms

46
Q

What is a symptom?

A

Subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient

47
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

A disease identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms

48
Q

What are granulomas/abcesses?

A

Walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes

49
Q

What is edema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in afflicted tissue

50
Q

What is lymphadenitis?

A

Swollen lymph nodes

51
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Increase in WBC levels

52
Q

What is Leukopenia?

A

Decrease in WBC levels

53
Q

What is septicemia?

A

General state in which microbes are multiplying in the blood and present in large numbers

54
Q

What is bacteremia?

A

Presence of small numbers of bacteria in the blood; not necessarily multiplying

55
Q

What is viremia?

A

Presence of viruses in the blood

56
Q

What are asymptomatic infections?

A

Host is infected but does not manifest the disease; patient experiences no symptoms and does not seek treatment

57
Q

What is the portal of exit?

A

Avenue for pathogens to exit the host

58
Q

What are the various ways that pathogens exit the host?

A

Secretion, excretion, discharge, sloughed tissue

59
Q

What is latency?

A

A dormant state of an infectious agent; microbe can periodically become active and produce recurrent disease

60
Q

What are sequelae?

A

Long-term or permanent damage to organs and tissues

61
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

Time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms

62
Q

What is the prodromal period?

A

When the earliest notable symptoms of infection appear

63
Q

What is the acute phase?

A

Infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits its great virulence, and becomes well established in target tissue

64
Q

What is the convalescent stage?

A

Patient responds to infection and symptoms decline

65
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates

66
Q

What is a source?

A

Distinct from a reservoir; individual/object from which an infection is acquired

67
Q

What is a carrier?

A

An individual who unknowingly shelters a pathogen and can spread it

68
Q

What are the types of carriers?

A

Asymptomatic, incubating, convalescent, chronic, passive

69
Q

What are vectors?

A

Living animals that transmit an infectious agent from one host to another

70
Q

What is a biological vector?

A

A vector that actively participates in pathogen’s life cycle

71
Q

What is a mechanical vector?

A

A vector that is not necessary to the pathogen life cycle and merely transports the pathogen

72
Q

What is a zoonosis?

A

An infection indigenous to animals but also transmissible to humans

73
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Occurs when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host

74
Q

What does it mean for a pathogen/disease to be contagious?

A

It is highly communicable, especially through direct contact

75
Q

What is a noncommunicable disease?

A

Does not arise through transmission of infectious agent from host to host

76
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

Disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another, either directly, indirectly, or through a vector

77
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

Transmission from parent to offspring

78
Q

What is a vehicle?

A

Any inanimate material commonly used by humans that can transmit infectious agents

79
Q

What is a fomite?

A

An inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens, but is not a continuous source of infection

80
Q

What are healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?

A

Infectious diseases that are acquired or develop during a hospital or healthcare facility stay

81
Q

What is medical asepsis?

A

Practices that lower the microbial load in patients, caregivers, and the hospital environment

82
Q

What is surgical asepsis?

A

Ensuring all surgical procedures are conducted under sterile conditons

83
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined populations

84
Q

What is the prevalence of disease?

A

Total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population

85
Q

What is the incidence of disease?

A

Measures the number of new cases over a certain time

86
Q

What is the mortality rate?

A

Measures number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease

87
Q

What is a point-source epidemic?

A

One in which the infectious agents came from a single source

88
Q

What is a common-source epidemic?

A

Result from common exposure to a single source of infection; can occur over a period of time

89
Q

What is a propagated epidemic?

A

Results from an infectious agent that is communicable from person to person; sustained over time in a population

90
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Spread of an epidemic across continents

91
Q

What is the index case?

A

The first patient found in an epidemiological investigation

92
Q

What is an endemic?

A

An infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time within a geographic locale

93
Q

What is a sporadic disease?

A

Occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals in random locales

MICRB 201 (15 decks)

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