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MICRB 201 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of parasite lifestyles?

A

harbored and nourished by host, cause damage and disease in the host

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2
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The taxonomic scheme that represents the natural relatedness between groups of living things

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3
Q

What does it mean to say bacteria are ubiquitous?

A

They are found everywhere and in all environmental conditions

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4
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

The assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organisms

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5
Q

What does eukary mean?

A

True nucleus

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6
Q

What are the levels of classification, from most general to most specific?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species

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7
Q

What is the definition of sterile?

A

Completely free of all life forms including spores and virus particles

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8
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or. lean up toxic pollutants

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9
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Using general principles to explain scientific observations

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10
Q

What contributions did Ferdinand Cohn make to microbiology?

A

Discovered and described bacterial endospores

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11
Q

What term is used to refer to older diseases?

A

Reemerging

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12
Q

What contributions did Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis make to microbiology?

A

Showed that infections could be spread by doctors who did not wash their hands

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13
Q

What does the environmental microbiology branch deal with?

A

Effects of microbes on the earth’s diverse habitats

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14
Q

What are the official terms for organisms studied under the area of microbiology?

A

Microorganisms or microbes

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15
Q

What contributions did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek make in microbiology?

A

Fashioned crude microscopes and made drawings of “animalcules”

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16
Q

What were the five kingdoms recognized in the old classification system?

A

Plants, animals, protista, monera, and fungi

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17
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

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18
Q

What is evolution?

A

The accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments

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19
Q

What does the agricultural microbiology branch deal with?

A

Relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals

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20
Q

What are the terms for cells with no true nuclei?

A

Prokaryotes or akaryotes

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21
Q

What is the definition of a communicable disease?

A

Any disease that can be spread between organisms (human to human, animal to human, etc)

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22
Q

What contributions did John Tyndall make to microbiology?

A

Discovered that microbes in dust and air have high heat resistance

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23
Q

What is identification?

A

Process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be recognized or named and placed in a taxonomic scheme

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24
Q

What contributions did Robert Koch make to microbiology?

A

Linked a specific organism with a specific disease

25
Q

What contributions did Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes make to microbiology?

A

First observed that women giving birth at home suffered fewer infections than women who gave birth in hospitals

26
Q

What is the definition of an infectious disease?

A

Any disease that is caused by a microbe

27
Q

What is the binomial system of nomenclature?

A

Combination of the genus name and species name to identify an organism

28
Q

How do modern microscopes differ from Leeuwenhoek’s original microscopes?

A

More refined lenses, condenser, finer focusing, built in light sources

29
Q

Which major group of microorganisms is technically not a microorganism?

A

Helminths

30
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Manipulation of microbes to make products in an industrial setting

31
Q

What are the six major groups of microorganisms?

A

Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, prions, and helminths

32
Q

What term is used to refer to new diseases?

A

Emerging

33
Q

What contributions did Robert Hooke make in microbiology?

A

Had some of the first observations of microbes in the 1600s

34
Q

What does the industrial microbiology branch deal with?

A

Safeguarding food and water and using biotechnology to form microbes that can create wanted substances

35
Q

What contributions did Joseph Lister make to microbiology?

A

First to utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals

36
Q

What is anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

The first form of photosynthesis developed by bacteria that did not produce oxygen as a product

37
Q

What does prokary mean?

A

No true nucleus

38
Q

What does the public health microbiology and epidemiology branch deal with?

A

Monitoring and controlling the spread of diseases

39
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Tentative explanation to account for what has been observed or measured

40
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

any agent that causes disease

41
Q

What are the characteristics of microorganism lifestyles?

A

soil or water habitats, relatively harmless or beneficial, derive food and other factors from nonliving environment

42
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Process of discovering general principles by careful examination of specific cases

43
Q

What are the attributes of microorganisms that microbiologists study?

A

Cell structure and function, growth and physiology, genetics, taxonomy and evolutionary history, and interactions with the living and nonliving environment

44
Q

What makes microbes difficult to study?

A

They cannot be seen directly and must be analyzed using indirect methods and microscopes

45
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology?

A

Collection of techniques that allow for genetic material to be transferred between organisms in order to deliberately alter DNA

46
Q

What are the general characteristics of bacterial and archaeal cells?

A

About 10x smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack organelles

47
Q

What does the medical microbiology branch deal with?

A

Microbes that cause disease in humans and animals

48
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Manipulation of the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and GMOs

49
Q

What is the term for cells with true nuclei?

A

Eukaryotes

50
Q

What are some of the ancient uses for microorganisms?

A

Yeast for bread, wine, and beer production, fungi for cheese production, moldy bread for wound treatment

51
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of classifying biological species

52
Q

What makes microbes easy to study?

A

They reproduce rapidly and large populations can be grown in a lab setting

53
Q

What is classification?

A

Orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa

54
Q

What does the immunology branch deal with?

A

The role of the immune system in various diseases and the protective substances and cells produced in response to infection

55
Q

What are the three domains recognized in the new classification system?

A

Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya

56
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

General approach taken by scientists to explain natural phenomena

57
Q

What percentage of earth’s oxygenic photosynthesis is performed by microbes?

A

70%

58
Q

What is decomposition?

A

The breakdown of dead matter and wastes

MICRB 201 (15 decks)

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