Chapter 20 Flashcards
What is the causative agent of Q fever?
Coxiella burnetii
What is endotoxic shock?
drastic drop in blood pressure due to the release of endotoxins into the bloodstream by gram-negative bacteria
What is the causative agent of anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis; a gram-positive, endospore-forming rod
What are the three parts of the B. anthracis tripartite toxin?
Edema factor, protective antigen, lethal factor
How is sepsis treated?
Immediate therapy with a broad-spectrum antibiotic; treatment is narrowed after causative agent is identified
What is the lymphatic system?
System of vessels and organs that serves as a site for immune cell development and immune reactions
How is lyme disease treated?
prolonged treatment with doxycycline and amoxicillin
What is the cardiovascular system?
Bodily system consisting of the heart and blood vessels, which circulates blood throughout the body
How is Chagas disease diagnosed?
Blood smear, serological methods
What are the initial symptoms of lyme disease?
Stiff neck, swollen joints, malaise, fatigue
What are the signs/symptoms of sepsis?
Fever, altered mental state, shaking chills, gastrointestinal symptoms, increased breathing rate, respiratory alkalosis, low blood pressure
How is malaria diagnosed?
blood smears
What are the causative agents of acute endocarditis?
S. aureus, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Enterococcus, Pseduomonas aeruginosa
What are the signs/symptoms of endocarditis?
fever, anemia, abnormal heartbeat, shortness of breath, chills, symptoms similar to myocardial infarction, abdominal/side pain
What are the characteristics of Brucella bacteria?
tiny, aerobic, gram-negative coccobacilli
What is the causative agent of Cat-Scratch disease?
Bartonella henselae
How is bubonic plague diagnosed?
Culture of organism, gram stain of bubo aspirate
What is the causative agent of bubonic plague?
Yersinia pestis; a tiny, gram-negative rod that looks like a saftey pin
How is brucellosis treated?
Combination of doxycycline and gentamicin or rifampin
How is lyme disease typically diagnosed?
Serum testing, knowledge of patient history/possible exposure
What is the most common Brucella bacterium to cause brucellosis?
B. melitensis
How is ehrlichiosis diagnosed?
PCR, indirect fluorescent antibody tests
What are the clinical manifestations of acute Q fever?
fever, chills, head and muscle ache, rash
What is babesiosis?
A disease similar to ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis, but caused by a protozoan
How can subacute endocarditis be prevented?
Prophylactic antibiotic therapy in advance of surgical or dental procedures on at risk patients
What genus is HIV in?
Lentivirus
What are the acute symptoms of tularemia?
headache, backache, fever, chills, malaise, weakness, ulcerative skin lesions, swollen lymph glands, conjunctival inflammation, sore throat, intestinal disruption, pulmonary involvement
Where in/on the body can anthrax exhibit symptoms?
Skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system
What is the antibiotic of choice for treating acute endocarditis?
Vancomycin
How does B. burgdorferi evade the immune system?
By altering its surface antigens and evading antibodies produced by the host
What is a systemic infection?
An infection that is spread via the blood to multiple locations throughout the body
What is the gold standard of diagnosis for endocarditis?
Blood cultures
What is the causative agent of Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis (SFR)?
Rickettsia rickettsii
How is mono diagnosed?
differential blood count, “monospot” test
What is a bubo?
A swollen, necrotic lymph node lesion
What drug is currently recommended to treat malaria?
artemisinin
What are the three types of plague?
Pneumonic, bubonic, and septicemic
What is the causative agent of trench fever?
Bartonella quintana
How is lyme disease mainly transmitted?
By bites from hard ticks
What protozoan genus causes malaria?
Plasmodium
What are the symptoms of HIV/AIDS?
fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, neurological changes, severe immune deregulation, hormone imbalances, metabolic disturbances, poor nutrient absorption, fever, sore throat, night sweats, rash, lymphadenopathy
What are the symptoms of SFR?
sustained fever, chills, headache, muscular pain, spotted rash
What is the term for someone who remains healthy despite HIV infection?
nonprogressor
What are the causative agents of subacute endocarditis?
Streptococcus sanguinis, S. oralis, S. mutans
What are the principal agents for bubonic plague transmission?
Fleas
What are the symptoms of Chagas disease?
fever, nausea, fatigue, “chagoma” swelling
What is the causative agent of tularemia?
Francisella tularensis; gram-negative bacterium
What drugs can be used for post-exposure prophylaxis treatment of tularemia?
Doxycycline or ciprofloxacin
What is endocarditis?
An infection of the valves of the heart, leading to inflammation of the endocardium
What is the typical treatment for tularemia?
Gentamicin or streptomycin
What are the signs/symptoms of bubonic plague?
fever, chills, headache, nausea, weakness, tenderness of the bubo
What characteristic is seen in all viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever diseases?
All are RNA enveloped viruses
What virus caused AIDS?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
What are the signs/symptoms of malaria?
malaise, fatigue, vague aches, nausea, diarrhea, chills, fever, sweating
What is the gold standard for brucellosis diagnosis?
Blood culture
What drugs are used to treat CSD?
azithromycin, erythromycin, rifampin
What are the characteristics of B. burgdorferi?
large, spirochete bacterium with complex nutritional requirements
What are the symptoms of CSD?
papules at site of inoculation, swollen and pus-filled lymph nodes, high fever
What is the main way to diagnose sepsis?
Blood culture
How is anthrax diagnosed?
gram stain, culture on blood agar, direct fluorescent antibody testing, phage lysis tests
What are the characteristics of C. burnetii?
small, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacterium
What are the symptoms of trench fever?
high 5-6 day fever, leg pains, headache, chills, muscle ache, macular rash
What is the causative agent of Chagas disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan
What genes do Y. pestis contain to help it cause disease?
A gene for capsule formation and a gene for plasminogen activation
How is SFR diagnosed?
fluorescent antibody staining of tissue biopsies
What is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis?
Epstein-Barr virus
What are the characteristics of Bartonella bacteria?
small, gram-negative rods
What is the causative agent of lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
What vector carries trench fever?
Lice
What are the symptoms of ehrlichiosis?
headache, muscle pain, rigors
What is anaplasmosis?
A disease similar to ehrlichiosis, and caused by a similar bacterium
What are non-hemorrhagic fever diseases?
diseases characterized by high fever, but without hemorrhagic symptoms
What are the primary effects of HIV infection?
To harm T cells and the central nervous system
What are the symptoms of mono?
sore throat, high fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, gray-white exudate in throat, rash, enlarged spleen and liver, fatigue
What are the symptoms of brucellosis?
undulating fever pattern, chills, profuse sweating, headache, muscle pain, weakness, weight loss
How is Q fever treated?
combination of doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine
What is erythema migrans?
a bull’s-eye shaped lesion that forms around the site of a tick bite
Why are people typically chronically infected with EBV?
The virus has a circular form of DNA that it can splice into host DNA
What are hemorrhagic fever diseases?
diseases that cause high fevers and internal hemorrhaging
