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MICRB 201 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three categories of tests used to identify a pathogen?

A

Phenotypic, immunologic, genotypic

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2
Q

What are the two steps to identifying a pathogen?

A
  1. Analyzing patient for signs of microbial infection

2. Specimens are collected and analyzed

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3
Q

What two types of media are used to cultivate specimens for identification?

A

Selective media and differential media

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4
Q

What microbe characteristics can be observed once a pure culture is obtained?

A

Microscopic morphology/staining, cultural appearance, motility, oxygen requirements, biochemical analysis, antimicrobial sensitivity tests

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5
Q

What is the basis for biochemical tests?

A

Enzyme-mediated metabolic reactions

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6
Q

What are the predominant biochemical tests?

A
  1. Carbohydrate fermentation
  2. Hydrolysis of various polymers
  3. Actions of enzymes
  4. Identification of metabolism by-products
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7
Q

What is antimicrobial susceptibility testing?

A

Method used to determine which drugs can be used in treatment

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8
Q

Why is it important to focus on the number of microbes present when determining clinical significance?

A

A small colony of normal biota is not of concern, but large colonies or normal biota or any colonies of true pathogens are of concern

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9
Q

What is serology?

A

In vitro diagnostic testing of serum based on the concept that antibodies have extreme specificity for pathogens

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10
Q

What are the two methods of diagnostics within serology?

A
  1. An unknown antibody can be detected using a known antigen

2. An unknown antigen can be detected using a known antibody

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11
Q

How are antibody-antigen interactions determined?

A

Clumps or aggregates of cells/complexes can be seen with the naked eye or by using a microscope

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12
Q

What are the essential differences between agglutination and precipitation?

A

Size, solubility, and location of antigen

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13
Q

What is the antigen of agglutination?

A

Antigens are whole cells or cells displaying surface antigens

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14
Q

What is the antigen of precipitation?

A

Antigens are soluble molecules

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15
Q

How do agglutination and precipitation work?

A

The antigen is interlinked by several antibodies to form insoluble aggregates that settle out of solution

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16
Q

What are immunochromatography tests?

A

Tests consisting of a plastic cartridge that directs fluid flow in one direction where it will encounter antibodies; antibody-antigen reactions result in color changes

17
Q

What is titer?

A

The concentration of antibodies in a sample, defined by the highest dilution of serum that still produces agglutination

18
Q

What are fluorescent antibodies (FAb)?

A

Antibodies labeled by a fluorescent dye

19
Q

What is direct immunofluorescence testing?

A

Tests for the presence of an antigen using an FAb

20
Q

What is indirect immunofluorescence testing?

A

Tests for the presence of an antibody to an antigen using FAb antibodies that recognize the antibodies in patient sera

21
Q

What is Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) testing?

A

Use of an enzyme-linked indicator antibody to visualize antigen-antibody reactions

22
Q

What is a direct ELISA test?

A

Known antibody is adsorbed to a well and incubated with unknown antigen; if antigen-antibody complex forms, secondary antibody will be attracted and a color change will occur

23
Q

What is an indirect ELISA test?

A

Known antigen is mixed with patient’s serum; if antigen-antibody complex forms, it will remain in the well after being rinsed; secondary antibody with an added enzyme can then bind to the patient’s antibody, and dye-releasing substrate for the enzyme will be added to produce color change

24
Q

What is in vivo testing?

A

Antigen or antibody is introduced into a patient to elicit some sort of visible reaction

25
Q

What is specificity?

A

Property of a test to focus on only a certain antibody or antigen; degree to which test does not falsely detect conditon

26
Q

What is selectivity?

A

Detection of even minute quantities of antibodies or antigens in a specimen; degree to which test will detect every positive

27
Q

What is the purpose of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

A

To produce numerous copies of DNA or RNA within hours

28
Q

What are hybridization probes?

A

Small fragments of DNA or RNA that are known to be complementary to nucleic acid sequences from particular microbes; base-pairing of the probe indicates microbe presence

29
Q

What is fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)?

A

Application of fluorescently labeled probes to intact cells within a patient specimen or environmental sample; “glowing cells” indicate microbe presence

30
Q

What are microarrays?

A

Absorbent plates or chips that contain gene sequences from thousand of infectious agents; patient samples are incubated on microarrays, and matching sequences hybridize to the chips

31
Q

What is deep sequencing?

A

Scanning and analyzing a single genome multiple times to reduce errors

32
Q

What is genetic fingerprinting?

A

Method for analyzing short segments of DNA within a sample?

33
Q

What is pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)?

A

Similar to genetic fingerprinting, but involves separation of DNA fragments that are too large for conventional gel electrophoresis

34
Q

What is PulseNet?

A

A program established by the CDC that allows for comparison of PFGE data from patient specimens

35
Q

What are Lab on a Chip tests?

A

Genetic tests that have been miniaturized and placed on chips that are easy to use, and require few supplies and little technical training

36
Q

How can imaging be used in infection diagnosis?

A

Imaging can be used to find areas of localized infection prior to a biopsy, sparing patients an invasive procedure if an infection is not present

37
Q

What is the Seven Gene Blood Test strategy?

A

A blood test can be used to check for the presence of seven genes that host cells express in response to bacterial, but NOT viral, infection

38
Q

What is the Virus Strain Blood Test strategy?

A

A blood test can scan for antibodies to more than 1,000 strains of 206 virus species

MICRB 201 (15 decks)

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