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MICRB 201 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sterilization?

A

The destruction of all microbial life

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2
Q

What is disinfection?

A

The destruction of most microbial life, reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces

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3
Q

What is antisepsis/degermination?

A

The destruction of most microbial life, reducing contamination on living surfaces

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4
Q

What is decontamination/sanitization?

A

The mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface

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5
Q

What are the primary targets of microbial control?

A

Microorganisms capable of causing infection or spoilage

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6
Q

What is the relative resistance of microbes, from most resistant to least resistant?

A

Prions, bacterial endospores, mycobacterium, protozoan cysts, most gram-negative bacteria, fungi/fungal spores, non-enveloped viruses, most gram-positive bacteria, enveloped viruses

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of bacterial endospore resistance?

A
  1. Considered the most resistant microbial entities
  2. Destruction of endospores is the goal of sterilization
  3. Any process that kills endospores will also kill less-resistant microbes
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8
Q

What does it mean for a material to be sterile?

A

The material was subjected to a successful sterilization process

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9
Q

What is sepsis?

A

The growth of microorganisms in blood and other tissues

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10
Q

What is asepsis?

A

Any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and prevents infection

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11
Q

What is antisepsis?

A

The application of antiseptic chemical agents to exposed body surfaces, wounds, and incisions to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens

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12
Q

What are germicides and microbicides?

A

Chemical agents that kill microorganisms (generally)

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13
Q

What are bactericides?

A

Chemicals that destroy vegetative bacteria (not endospores)

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14
Q

What are fungicides?

A

Chemicals that kill fungal spores, hyphae, and yeasts

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15
Q

What are virucides?

A

Chemicals that inactivate viruses, especially on living tissue

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16
Q

What are sporicides?

A

Chemicals capable of killing endospores

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17
Q

What are bacteristatic agents?

A

Chemicals that prevent the growth of bacteria on living tissues and inanimate objects

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18
Q

What are fungistatic agents?

A

Chemicals that inhibit fungal growth

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19
Q

What are microbistatic agents?

A

Chemicals used to control microorganisms in the body

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20
Q

What is a sanitizer?

A

A soap or detergent used to sanitize

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21
Q

What are critical medical devices?

A

Any device expected to come into contact with sterile tissues

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22
Q

What are semi-critical medical devices?

A

Any device that comes into contact with mucosal membranes

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23
Q

What are non-critical medical devices?

A

Devices that do not touch the patient or are only expected to touch intact skin

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24
Q

What is the definition of microbial death?

A

The inability of a microbe to reproduce

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25
Q

What factors affect the microbial death rate?

A
  1. Number of microbes
  2. Nature of microbes in the population
  3. Type of microbial growth
  4. Temperature and pH of environment
  5. Concentration of the agent
  6. Mode of action of the agent
  7. Presence of solvents, organic matter, and inhibitors
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26
Q

What are the cellular targets of physical and chemical agents?

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. Cell/cytoplasmic membrane
  3. Cellular synthetic processes (DNA and RNA)
  4. Proteins
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27
Q

What are the effects of antimicrobial agents on the cell wall?

A

Blockage of cell wall synthesis, digestion of cell wall, break down of cell wall surface

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28
Q

What are the properties of cells with damaged cell walls?

A

Fragile and easily lysed

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29
Q

How do detergents and alcohols affect the cell wall?

A

They disrupt the cell wall

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30
Q

How do antimicrobial agents affect the cell membrane?

A

Cause loss of selective permeability, loss of vital molecules, and allow the entry of damaging chemicals

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31
Q

What are surfactants?

A

Polar molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that bind to the lipid layer and penetrate the internal hydrophobic region of membranes

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32
Q

How do surfactants lead to cell damage?

A

They open up leaky spots that allow damaging chemicals to seep into the cell and important ions to leak out

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33
Q

What affects do antimicrobials have on protein and nucleic acid synthesis?

A
  1. Substances that inhibit ribosomes also inhibit protein synthesis
  2. Agents impede DNA transcription and replication
  3. Agents change the genetic code of microbes
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34
Q

What is the native state of a protein?

A

The normal 3D configuration of a protein that allows for normal function

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35
Q

What is denaturation?

A

The disruption of proteins by breaking the bonds of secondary and tertiary structure, rendering the proteins nonfunctional

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36
Q

What methods are used to denature proteins?

A
  1. Moist heat
  2. Strong organic solvents and phenolics
  3. Metallic ion binding of the active site
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37
Q

What methods of physical control are applied to microbes?

A

Heat, radiation, filtration, ultrasonic waves, cold

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38
Q

How can the temperature of steam be regulated?

A

By adjusting its pressure in a closed container

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39
Q

How does moist heat differ from dry heat?

A

Moist heat operates at lower temperatures and shorter exposure times

40
Q

What are the main microbicidal affects of moist heat?

A

Coagulation and denaturation of proteins

41
Q

What are the main microbicidal affects of dry heat?

A

Cell dehydration, cell oxidation

42
Q

What is the general trend concerning heat temperature and exposure time?

A

Higher Temperatures = Lower Exposure Times

43
Q

What is thermal death time?

A

The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature

44
Q

What is thermal death point?

A

The lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes

45
Q

What are the four main disinfection methods of moist heat?

A

Boiling water, pasteurization, flash heat, batch heat

46
Q

What is the sterilization method of moist heat?

A

Steam under pressure

47
Q

What are the two main sterilization methods of dry heat?

A
  1. Incineration via a flame or incinerator

2. Hot air oven

48
Q

What effect does cold treatment typically have on microbes?

A

Slows down the activities of most microbes

49
Q

What is desiccation?

A

Dehydration of vegetative cells directly exposed to normal room air

50
Q

What is lyophilization?

A

A combination of freezing and drying

51
Q

What is radiation?

A

Energy emitted from atomic activities and dispersed at high velocity through matter or space

52
Q

What forms of radiation are suitable for microbial control?

A

Gamma rays, X rays, UV radiation

53
Q

What is irradiation?

A

Bombardment of microbes with radiation

54
Q

What is cold sterilization?

A

Ionizing radiation used as an effective alternative for sterilizing chemicals that are sensitive to heat and/or chemicals

55
Q

What is ionizing radiation?

A

Radiation that ejects orbital electrons from an atom, causing ions to form

56
Q

What is non-ionizing radiation?

A

Radiation that excites atoms, raising them to a higher energy state and leading to the formation of abnormal bonds within molecules

57
Q

Which form of radiation is more penetrating?

A

Ionizing radiation

58
Q

What are pyrimidine dimers?

A

Abnormal linkages between adjacent pyrimidines in DNA that interfere with normal replication and transcription and are caused by UV radiation

59
Q

What is decontamination by filtration?

A

An effective method for removing microbes from air and liquids that works by straining fluids through a filter with openings that are too small for microbes to pass through

60
Q

How can osmotic pressure play a role in microbe control?

A

Adding large amounts of salt or sugar to foods creates a hypertonic environment that causes plasmolysis in bacteria and makes it impossible for them to multiply

61
Q

What are aqueous solutions?

A

Solutions containing pure water as the solvent

62
Q

What are tinctures?

A

Antimicrobial chemicals dissolved in pure alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures

63
Q

What are desirable qualities of a germicide?

A
  1. Rapid action in low concentrations
  2. Solubility in water/alcohol with long-term stability
  3. Broad-spectrum microbicidal action without toxicity to human and animal tissues
  4. Penetration of inanimate surfaces
  5. Resistance to becoming inactivated by organic matter
  6. Noncorrosive and nonstaining
  7. Sanitizing and deodorizing
  8. Affordable and readily available
64
Q

What are high-level germicides?

A

Germicides that kill endospores, can be used as sterilants, and are able to be used on critical items that are not heat-sterilizable

65
Q

What are intermediate-level germicides?

A

Germicides that kill fungal (but not bacterial) spores, resistant pathogens, and viruses, can be used to disinfect semi-critical items

66
Q

What are low-level germicides?

A

Germicides that only eliminate vegetative bacterial and fungal cells and some viruses, can be used to clean non-critical materials

67
Q

What factors affect the microbicidal activity of chemicals?

A
  1. Nature of microbes being treated
  2. Nature of material being treated
  3. Degree of contamination
  4. Time of exposure
  5. Strength and chemical action of germicide
68
Q

What microbes are killed by chlorine compounds?

A

Bacteria, endospores, fungi, viruses

69
Q

Which chlorine compounds are typically used in disinfection and antisepsis?

A

Hypochlorites and chloramines

70
Q

What is the application of aqueous iodine?

A

Topical antiseptic, treatment for burned and infected skin

71
Q

What is the application of iodine tincture?

A

Used in skin antisepsis

72
Q

What is the application of iodine tablets?

A

Used for disinfecting water

73
Q

What are iodophors?

A

Iodine and alcohol complexes used in medical antisepsis

74
Q

What are phenolics?

A

Phenol derivatives with a detergent action that destroy vegetative bacteria, fungi, and most viruses

75
Q

What are cresols?

A

Phenolic derivatives combined with soap

76
Q

What are bisphenols?

A

Aerosol sprays and cleansing soaps

77
Q

What is triclosan?

A

A disinfectant and antiseptic chemical once added to many products

78
Q

what is chlorhexidine?

A

A phenolic derivative used for hand scrubbing, surgical prep, and other medical uses

79
Q

Which forms of alcohol are appropriate for microbial control?

A

Ethyl and Isopropyl

80
Q

Which microbes can alcohols destroy?

A

Vegetative microbial forms

81
Q

Which type of viruses are alcohols more effective against?

A

Enveloped viruses

82
Q

What are ethyl and isopropyl alcohol used for?

A

Skin degerming and disinfection of some medical equipment

83
Q

What are the germicidal effects of hydrogen peroxide caused by?

A

Toxic reactive oxygen

84
Q

What microbes can hydrogen peroxide kill?

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and endospores at high concentrations

85
Q

What are the two cleaning categories of hydrogen peroxide?

A

Antiseptic and disinfectant

86
Q

When is hydrogen peroxide used as a sterilant?

A

When sterilizing delicate reusable instruments

87
Q

What are quats?

A

Soap disinfectants mixed with cleaning agents to sanitize a variety of objects/surfaces

88
Q

Why are heavy metal compounds considered oligodynamic?

A

They are toxic in minute quantities

89
Q

Compounds of which metals have germicidal significance?

A

Mercury and silver

90
Q

What is glutaraldehyde?

A

A rapid, broad spectrum accepted as a sterilant

91
Q

What is formaldehyde?

A

An intermediate- to high-level disinfectant

92
Q

What is Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA)?

A

A germicide similar to glutaraldehyde that is unable to destroy endospores

93
Q

What is the use of ethylene oxide?

A

Chemical sterilization

94
Q

What is the use of chlorine dioxide?

A

Treatment of drinking water, wastewater, food-processing equipment, and medical waste

95
Q

What are the uses of aqueous ammonium oxide?

A

Detergents, cleansers, deoderizers

96
Q

What is the use of organic acids?

A

Food preservation

MICRB 201 (15 decks)

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