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MICRB 201 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five I’s of microorganism growth?

A

Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification

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2
Q

What is culture (verb)?

A

Propogation of microorganisms with various media

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3
Q

What is a culture (noun)?

A

A growth of microorganisms in or on a nutrient medium

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4
Q

What is a medium?

A

A nutrient-containing environment in which microbes can multiply

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5
Q

What is inoculation?

A

Introduction of microbes into or upon media for culture

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6
Q

What does sterile mean?

A

Free of all life forms, including spores and viruses

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7
Q

What temperatures are typically used for incubation in lab?

A

20 to 45 degrees C

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8
Q

In addition to temperature, what else can incubators control?

A

Atmospheric gases

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9
Q

What are the signs of microbial growth in liquid medium?

A

Cloudiness, sediment, scum, color

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10
Q

What are the signs of microbial growth on solid medium?

A

Visible masses of piled-up cells (colonies)

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11
Q

What three properties are used to classify media?

A

Physical state, chemical composition, and functional type

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12
Q

What are the possible physical states of media?

A

Liquid, semisolid, liquefiable solid, non-liquefiable solid

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13
Q

What are the possible chemical compositions of media?

A

Chemically defined/synthetic and complex

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14
Q

What are the possible functional types of media?

A

General purpose, enriched, selective, differential, anaerobic growth, specimen transport, assay, enumeration

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15
Q

What are liquid media?

A

Water-based solutions that do not solidify at temperatures above freezing and flow freely

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16
Q

What are semisolid media?

A

Media with enough gelatin/agar to thicken but not produce a firm surface; exhibit clot-like consistency at room temperature

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17
Q

What are solid media?

A

Media with a firm surface upon which cells can form discrete colonies

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18
Q

What is agar?

A

Complex polysaccharide isolated from red alga; it is solid at room temp, liquifies at 100 degress C, and resolidifies at 42 degrees C

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19
Q

What is defined media?

A

Media whose exact chemical compositions are known and defined by an exact formula

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20
Q

What is a complex media?

A

Media containing at least one component that is not chemically definable

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21
Q

What are general purpose media?

A

Media that grow as broad a spectrum of microbes as possible

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22
Q

What are enriched media?

A

Media that contain complex organic substances that fastidious bacteria require for growth

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23
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Specific vitamins or amino acids

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24
Q

What are selective media?

A

Media that contain one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes and encourage others to grow

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25
Q

What are differential media?

A

Media that allow multiple types of microorganisms to grow, but display visible differences between colonies

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26
Q

What are hemolysins?

A

Enzymes that lyse red blood cells to release iron-rich hemoglobin

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27
Q

What is beta-hemolysis?

A

The complete lysis of red blood cells

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28
Q

What is alpha-hemolysis?

A

The incomplete lysis of red blood cells

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29
Q

What is gamma-hemolysis?

A

No hemolysis

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30
Q

What are reducing media?

A

Media that grow anaerobic bacteria by limiting available oxygen

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31
Q

What are carbohydrate fermentation media?

A

Media that contain sugars that can be fermented and a pH indicator to show this reaction

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32
Q

What are transport media?

A

Media that maintain and preserve specimens

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33
Q

What are assay media?

A

Media used to test the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs and assess the effects of disinfectants, antiseptics, cosmetics, and preservatives on microbe growth

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34
Q

What are enumeration media?

A

Media used to count the number of organisms in milk, water, food, soil, etc.

35
Q

What is a colony?

A

A discrete mound of cells formed on solid nutrient surface

36
Q

What are the requirements of isolation?

A

Inoculation of a small number of cells into a large volume/expansive area of media, a relatively firm surface, a petri dish, and inoculating tools

37
Q

What is the streak plate method?

A

A small droplet of culture is spread across the surface of a medium in a pattern that gradually thins out the sample

38
Q

What is the pour plate method?

A

Sample is diluted serially into cooled, but still liquid agar tubes that are then poured into sterile petri dishes and allowed to solidify

39
Q

What is the spread plate method?

A

A small volume of sample is pipetted onto the surface of the plate and spread around evenly

40
Q

What is a pure culture?

A

A container of medium that contains only a single known species

41
Q

What does anexic mean?

A

Free of other living things except for the one being studied

42
Q

What is a subculture?

A

A second-level culture from a well-isolated colony

43
Q

What is a mixed culture?

A

A container that holds two or more identified, easily differentiated species

44
Q

What is a contaminated culture?

A

A culture that was once pure or mixed but now contains contaminants

45
Q

What methods are used to determine microbial profiles?

A

Phenotypic testing, genotypic testing, immunologic testing, macroscopic analysis, microscopic analysis

46
Q

What fundamental characteristics can be determined through biochemical tests?

A

Nutrient requirements, products of growth, enzyme presence, energy deriving mechanisms

47
Q

What is refraction?

A

Bending or change in the angle of the light ray as it passes through a medium

48
Q

When is refraction greater?

A

When there is a greater difference in refraction between the two substances

49
Q

What three things were added to original microscopes to form the compound microscopes used today?

A

Second magnifying lens, lamp for specimen illumination, condenser for focusing light

50
Q

What are the three properties of an effective microscope?

A

Magnification, resolution, contrast

51
Q

Which microscope lens forms the virtual image?

A

Ocular lens

52
Q

Which microscope lens forms the real image?

A

Objective lens

53
Q

How is magnifying power calculated?

A

By multiplying the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective lens

54
Q

What is resolution?

A

The capacity of an optical system to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects or points from one another

55
Q

What determines resolving power?

A

A combination of characteristics of the objective lens and the wavelength of light used to illuminate the sample

56
Q

Why is oil able to increase numerical aperture and resolution?

A

Because it prevents the scattering of light rays

57
Q

What is refractive index?

A

The degree of contrast between a magnified image and its surroundings

58
Q

What are the four types of light mciroscopes?

A

Bright-field, dark-field, phase-contrast, and interference

59
Q

What are the two variations on light microscopes?

A

Fluorescence microscope and confocal microscope

60
Q

What three things are specimen preparation dependent upon?

A

Specimen condition, aims of the observer, and type of microscopy

61
Q

Why are wet mounts and hanging drop mounts beneficial?

A

They provide a true assessment of size, shape, arrangement, color, and motility of cells

62
Q

What is a wet mount?

A

A drop or two of culture placed on a slide overlaid with a coverslip

63
Q

What are the disadvantages of a wet mount?

A

Can damage larger cells, susceptible to drying, can contaminate handler’s fingers

64
Q

What is a hanging drop mount?

A

Concave slide with vaseline adhesive and a coverslip

65
Q

What is the smear technique?

A

Spread a thin film made from a liquid suspension of cells on a slide and allow it to air dry

66
Q

What are the important functions of heat fixing?

A

Kills cells, secures specimen to slide, preserves cellular components in a natural state with minimal distortion

67
Q

Why are smears stained?

A

To provide contrast and make cell features stand out

68
Q

How do basic, cationic dyes work?

A

They are positively charged and are attracted to the acidic, negatively charged components of cell walls

69
Q

How do acidic, anionic dyes work?

A

They are negatively charged and are repelled by the acidic, negatively charged components of cell walls

70
Q

What is a positive stain?

A

A positively charged stain that is attracted to negatively charged cell walls and gives cells color

71
Q

What is a negative stain?

A

A negatively charged stain that is repelled by negatively charged cell walls and gives the background color

72
Q

What are simple stains?

A

Stains that require a single dye and a simple procedure

73
Q

What are differential stains?

A

Stains that use two differently colored stains to clearly contrast cell types/parts

74
Q

What are the different types of differential stains?

A

Gram stain, acid-fast stain, endospore stain, capsule stain

75
Q

What color do gram-positive bacteria stain?

A

Purple/blue

76
Q

What color do gram-negative bacteria stain?

A

Pink/red

77
Q

What color do acid-fast bacteria stain?

A

Pink

78
Q

What color do nonacid-fast bacteria stain?

A

Blue

79
Q

What is endospore stain used for?

A

To distinguish endospores from vegetative cells

80
Q

What are special stains?

A

Stains that pinpoint a particular characteristic

81
Q

What is a capsule?

A

An unstructured protective layer surrounding the cells of some bacteria and fungi

82
Q

How can the capsule be visualized?

A

Through negative staining or with the use of special positive stains

83
Q

What are flagella?

A

Tiny, slender filaments used by bacteria for movement

84
Q

How does flagellar staining work?

A

A coating is deposited on the outside of the flagella filament and then stained

MICRB 201 (15 decks)

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