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MICRB 201 > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

What parts make up the urinary tract?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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2
Q

What parts make up the male reproductive tract?

A

testes, epididymides, vas deferens, prostate gland, penis

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3
Q

What parts make up the female reproductive tract?

A

uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina

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4
Q

What bacterial species make up the normal biota of the urinary tract?

A

Streptococci, Staphylococci, Corynebacteria, Lactobacilli, Prevotella, Veillonella, Gardernerella

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5
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Infection of the bladder

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6
Q

What is urethritis?

A

Infection limited to the urethra

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

A

pain, frequent urges to urinate even when bladder is empty, burning pain accompanying urination, cloudy urine, blood in the urine, low-grade fever, nausea

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8
Q

What are the indicators of pyelonephritis?

A

back pain and high fever accompanying UTI symptoms

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9
Q

What are the most common causes of community-acquired UTIs?

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus

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10
Q

What are the most common causes of catheter-associated UTIs?

A

E. coli, S. saprophyticus, Enterococcus, Klebsiella

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11
Q

What drugs can be used to treat UTIs?

A

nitrofurantoin, phenazopyridine

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12
Q

what is leptospirosis?

A

a zoonosis that can affect the kidneys, liver, brain, and eyes

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13
Q

What are the two phases of leptospirosis?

A

leptospiremic phase and immune phase

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of leptospirosis in the leptospiremic phase?

A

sudden high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, conjunctivitis, vomiting

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of leptospirosis in the immune phase?

A

milder fever, headache, Weil’s syndrome

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of leptospires?

A

spirochete bacteria marked by tight, regular, individual coils with a bend or hook at one or both ends

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17
Q

How is leptospirosis transmitted?

A

through contact of skin abrasions and mucous membranes with infected animal urine

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18
Q

How is leptospirosis treated?

A

Early treatment can be done with doxycycline; penicillin G of ceftriaxone can be used for delayed/severe cases

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of urinary schistomiasis?

A

itchiness in area where helminth entered body, fever, chills, diarrhea, cough, urinary tract infection symptoms

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20
Q

Which schistome causes urinary schistomiasis?

A

Schistosoma haematobium

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21
Q

What is vaginitis?

A

Inflammation of the vagina

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of vaginitis?

A

vaginal itching, burning, discharge

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23
Q

What is the most common causative agent of vaginitis?

A

Candida albicans

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24
Q

How is vaginitis treated?

A

topical and oral azole drugs

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis?

A

vaginitis symptoms, white or green frothy discharge, premature labor, low-birthweight infants, infertility, prostate cancer in males

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26
Q

How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?

A

sexual contact, communal bathing, public facilities, vertical transmission

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27
Q

How is Trichomonas vaginalis treated?

A

anti-protozoan drug metronidazole

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of vaginosis?

A

discharge, itching, fishy smell

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29
Q

What complications can result from vaginosis?

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancies

30
Q

What is the treatment for vaginosis?

A

oral or topical metronidazole or clindamycin

31
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

inflammation of the prostate gland

32
Q

what are the symptoms of prostatitis?

A

pain in the groin and lower back, frequent urge to urinate, difficulty urinating, blood in the urine, painful ejaculation; fever, chills, and flulike symptoms if acute

33
Q

What is the treatment for prostatitis?

A

ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin

34
Q

What is the causative agent of gonorrhea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

35
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in males?

A

urethritis, painful urination and yellowish discharge, scar tissue that can cause infertility

36
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in females?

A

mucopurulent or bloody vaginal discharge, painful urination

37
Q

What complications of gonorrhea can occur in females?

A

Salpingitis (inflammation of fallopian tubes), pelvic inflammatory disease

38
Q

How is gonorrhea transmitted?

A

Through sexual contact, or vertically from mother to infant

39
Q

How is gonorrhea diagnosed?

A

PCR test, gram-staining

40
Q

How is gonorrhea treated?

A

ceftriaxone and azithromycin; ertapenem for resistant strains

41
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydia in males?

A

urethritis, discharge, painful urination, epididymitis

42
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydia in females?

A

cervicitis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease

43
Q

What is the causative agent of chlamydia?

A

C. trachomatis

44
Q

How is chlamydia transmitted?

A

Through sexual contact and vertically

45
Q

How is chlamydia diagnosed?

A

ELISA and PCR testing, direct fluorescent antibody testing, urine test, culturing

46
Q

What treatment is used for chlamydia?

A

ceftriaxone or azithromycin

47
Q

When is syphillis transmissible?

A

During the primary and secondary stages

48
Q

What are the symptoms of primary syphillis?

A

appearance of hard chancre that begins as a small red bump that breaks down into a crater

49
Q

What are the symptoms of secondary syphillis?

A

fever, headache, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, red/brown rash, hair loss

50
Q

What are gummas?

A

painful, swollen, syphilitic tumors that develop during the tertiary stage of syphillis

51
Q

What is the causative agent of syphillis?

A

Treponema pallidium

52
Q

What are the characteristics of Treponema pallidium?

A

spirochete, thin, regularly coiled, gram-negative

53
Q

How is syphilis diagnosed?

A

looking for bacterium in lesions or antibodies in patient’s blood

54
Q

How can syphilis be prevented?

A

Prophylactic long-lasting penicillin for those exposed, barrier protection (i.e. condoms)

55
Q

What treatment is used for syphilis?

A

Penicillin G

56
Q

What is Chancroid?

A

an ulcerative disease marked by the development of a soft chancre and swelling of the inguinal lymph nodes

57
Q

What is the causative agent of chancroid?

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

58
Q

What treatment can be used for chancroid?

A

azithromycin and ceftriaxone

59
Q

Which two viruses cause genital herpes?

A

Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2

60
Q

What are the symptoms of genital herpes?

A

vesicle appearance on the genitals, thighs, perineum, and buttocks; malaise; anorexia; fever; bilateral swelling and tenderness of the groin

61
Q

Which HSV is associated with cold sores and fever blisters?

A

HSV-1

62
Q

How are HSV 1 and 2 transmitted?

A

Direct contact with secretions containing the virus

63
Q

How is genital herpes diagnosed?

A

Lesion appearance, PCR testing

64
Q

Which drugs can be used to reduce viral shedding and decrease lesion frequency with genital herpes?

A

acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir

65
Q

What are the causative agents of genital wart diseases?

A

human papillomaviruses

66
Q

What are the symptoms of human papillomaviruses?

A

Genital wart growths, ranging from small, flat bumps to cauliflower-like masses

67
Q

What are the major virulence factors for cancer-causing HPVs?

A

Oncogenes

68
Q

How are HPVs transmitted?

A

Direct contact, autoinoculation

69
Q

How are HPVs diagnosed?

A

PCR-based screening tests

70
Q

How can HPVs be prevented?

A

Gardisil vaccine, pap smear screening

71
Q

What is Molluscum contagiosum?

A

a condition caused by an unidentified virus in the Poxviridae family that takes the form of skin lesions and can be transmitted sexually

72
Q

When is Group B Streptococcus colonization a problem?

A

When pregnant women give birth vaginally without being treated for the colonization

MICRB 201 (15 decks)

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