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MICRB 201 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the upper respiratory tract?

A

mouth, nose, naval cavity, sinuses, throat, epiglottis, larynx

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2
Q

What structures make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea, bronci, bronchioles, lungs

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3
Q

Which nine bacterial genera are observed in the normal biota of the lungs?

A

Prevotella, Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Fusobacterium, Megasphaera, Veillonella, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus

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4
Q

What is another name for the common cold?

A

Rhinitis

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of the common cold?

A

Sneezing, scratchy throat, runny nose

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6
Q

How many different viruses can cause a common cold?

A

Over 200 different kinds of viruses

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7
Q

What are the most common type of viruses to cause a common cold?

A

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses

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8
Q

When is the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) a problem?

A

When it causes serious respiratory symptoms in infants, elderly, and other immunocompromised people

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9
Q

What actually causes the symptoms associated with a cold?

A

The immune system’s response while fighting the virus

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10
Q

How are cold viruses transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets, indirect transmission

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11
Q

What is the best way to prevent a common cold?

A

Frequent hand washing

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12
Q

What is sinusitis/sinus infection?

A

Inflammation of any of the four pairs of sinuses in the skull

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13
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of sinusitis?

A

Nasal congestion, pressure above the nose or in the forehead, headache, toothache, facial swelling and tenderness

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14
Q

What kind of sinusitis discharge is indicative of a bacterial infection?

A

Yellow or green discharge

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15
Q

What three general organisms are possible causes of sinusitis?

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi

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16
Q

Which viruses are responsible for most cases of sinusitis?

A

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses

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17
Q

What underlying factors allow for bacteria to cause sinusitis?

A

Underlying infection, buildup of fluids, rich environment for bacterial multiplication, sinus anatomy

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18
Q

When is bacterial sinusitis considered to be chronic?

A

After an infection has lasted for at least 12 weeks

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19
Q

What treatment is prescribed for bacterial sinusitis?

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

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20
Q

Which genera of fungi are typically found in fungal sinusitis cases?

A

Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Mucor

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21
Q

How does acute otitis media occur?

A

Upper respiratory tract infections can lead to inflammation of the eustachian tubes, resulting in fluid buildup in the middle ear and bacterial multiplication

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22
Q

What is the term for the fluid built up during an ear infection?

A

effusion

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23
Q

What is chronic otitis media?

A

indefinite fluid buildup in the middle ear

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24
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of otitis media?

A

feeling of fullness or pain in the ear, loss of hearing

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25
Q

Which conditions can result from untreated otitis media?

A

Ruptured eardrum, pus buildup, mastoiditis, meningitis, intracranial abcess

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26
Q

What are the two most common causes of otitis media?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of S. pneumoniae?

A

Pairs of elongated, gram-positive cocci joined end to end

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28
Q

What gram staining outcome is associated with H. influenzae?

A

Gram-negative

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29
Q

How can otitis media be prevented?

A

Vaccination against S. pneumoniae (PCV13 or Pneumovax)

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30
Q

How is otitis media treated?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics for infants under 6 months; watchful waiting for all other cases; insertion of tubes in chronic/reoccurrHing cases

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31
Q

What is pharyngitis?

A

Inflammation of the throat, experienced as pain and swelling

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32
Q

Which causative agent causes mild pharyngitis, and which one causes more painful pharyngitis?

A

Viral agents cause more mild pharyngitis; bacterial agents cause more severe/painful meningitis

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33
Q

What are the clinical signs of pharyngitis?

A

Reddened mucosa, swollen tonsils, white packets of inflammatory products

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34
Q

What are the causative agents of pharyngitis?

A

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses, Streptococcus pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum

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35
Q

What are characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Gram-positive, grows in chains, non-motile, forms capsules and slime layers, does not produce endospores

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36
Q

What complications can arise due to untreated pharyngitis caused by S. pyogenes?

A

Rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, glomerulonephritis

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37
Q

What is scarlet fever?

A

Results from pharyngitis caused by S. pyogenes bacteria that are infected by bacteriophages; bacteriophage gives bacteria the ability to produce erythrogenic toxin

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38
Q

What are the symptoms of scarlet fever?

A

sandpaper-like rash, high fever

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39
Q

What is rheumatic fever?

A

A condition caused by the immunologic cross-reaction between streptococcal M protein and heart muscle

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40
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of rheumatic fever?

A

heart valve damage, arthritis, appearance of nodules on bony surfaces just under the skin

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41
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Result of streptococcal proteins participating in the formation of antigen-antibody complexes, which deposit in the basement membrane of the glomeruli of the kidney

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42
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis?

A

Nephritis characterized by low urine output and hand/foot swelling; blood in urine; increased blood pressure; heart failure

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43
Q

What is the main virulence factor of Group A Streptococci?

A

Production of streptolysins

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44
Q

What is the role of erythrogenic toxin in scarlet fever?

A

To produce the bright red rash and induce fever

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45
Q

What is TNF?

A

Tumor necrosis factor

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46
Q

How is S. pyogenes transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets and direct contact with mucus secretions

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47
Q

How are Group A Streptococci diagnosed?

A

Rapid tests based on antibodies to Group A streptococci

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48
Q

How can infections by S. pyogenes be prevented?

A

Good hand washing and other hygiene techniques

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49
Q

What is the antibiotic of choice to treat S. pyogenes?

A

Penicillin

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50
Q

What is the gram-staining result associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum?

A

Gram-negative

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51
Q

What is Lemierre’s syndrome?

A

An invasion of the bloodstream by Fusobacterium necrophorum following a peritonsillar abscess

52
Q

How is Fusobacterium necrophorum treated?

A

Penicillin

53
Q

Why has there been a lack of diphtheria cases in the last 50 years?

A

protection provided by immunization with the diphtheria toxoid

54
Q

What is the causative agent of diphtheria?

A

An endoxtoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

55
Q

What are the characteristics of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Non-endospore forming, gram-negative, club-shaped

56
Q

What are the symptoms of diphtheria?

A

Sore throat, lack of appetite, low-grade fever, pseudomembrane formation on the tonsils/larynx

57
Q

What is another name for pertussis?

A

Whooping cough

58
Q

What are the two distinct symptom phases of pertussis?

A

Catarrhal and paroxysmal stages

59
Q

What is the catarrhal stage of pertussis?

A

Stage that begins after incubation period; characterized by cold symptoms, most notably a runny nose

60
Q

What is the paroxysmal stage of pertussis?

A

Second stage of pertussis, characterized by severe and uncontrollable coughing

61
Q

What is the causative agent of pertussis?

A

Bordetella pertussis

62
Q

What are the characteristics of Bordetella pertussis?

A

Small, gram-negative, bacillus, aerobic, fastidious

63
Q

What are filamentous hemagglutinin structures?

A

fibrous structures that B. pertussis bacteria use to adhere to the epithelial cells of the mouth and throat

64
Q

What are the two most important exotoxins in pertussis?

A

Pertussis toxin and tracheal toxin

65
Q

What is the role of pertussis toxin?

A

Trigger excessive amounts of cyclic AMP to accumulate in affected cells

66
Q

What is the role of tracheal toxin?

A

Direct destruction of ciliated cells; renders cells incapable of clearing mucus and secretions

67
Q

How is B. pertussis transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets

68
Q

How is pertussis diagnosed?

A

Symptom-based diagnosis; nasopharyngeal swab cultures and PCR testing can be done if needed

69
Q

How can pertussis be prevented?

A

Vaccination with DTaP and booster with Tdap; administration of antibiotics to those exposed

70
Q

What is the drug of choice to treat pertussis?

A

Azithromycin

71
Q

What is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?

A

A virus that infects that respiratory tract and produces giant, multi-nucleated cells (syncytia)

72
Q

What are the characteristics of RSV?

A

member of paramyxovirus family; contains single-stranded, negative-sense RNA; enveloped

73
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of RSV?

A

rhinitis, pharyngitis, otitis, coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing, abnormal breathing sounds

74
Q

How is RSV transmitted?

A

Droplet contact, fomite contamination

75
Q

What techniques are used to diagnose RSV?

A

Direct and indirect immunofluorescence testing, ELISA testing, DNA probes

76
Q

How is RSV prevented?

A

passive antibody treatment for at-risk children

77
Q

How is RSV treated?

A

Ribavirin and passive antibody treatment

78
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of influenza?

A

headache, chills, dry cough, body aches, fever, stuffy nose, sore throat, fatigue

79
Q

What are the causative agents of influenza?

A

Influenza viruses A, B, and C

80
Q

What family do the influenza viruses belong to?

A

Orthomyxoviridae

81
Q

What are the two glycoproteins that make up the spikes of the influenza virus envelope?

A

hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

82
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

gradual changes in the amino acid composition of Influenza A virus antigens

83
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

major changes in the Influenza A virus due to recombination of viral strains from two different host species

84
Q

How is influenza transmitted?

A

Inhalation of droplets and aerosols; fomite contamination

85
Q

How is influenza diagnosed?

A

RT-PCR testing

86
Q

How is influenza prevented?

A

Yearly flu vaccines

87
Q

How is influenza treated?

A

Tamiflu (oseltamivir) and other antiviral drugs

88
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of primary tuberculosis?

A

Tubercle formation; necrotic caseous lesions that heal by calcification, tuberculin reaction in the skin

89
Q

Which organs, other than the lungs, can be involved in extra-pulmonary TB?

A

lymph nodes, intestines, kidneys, long bones, genital tract, brain, meninges

90
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of secondary (reoccurring) TB?

A

expansion of tubercles filled with bacteria; cavity formation in the lungs; drainage into bronchial tubes and URT; violent coughing; green or bloody sputum; low-grade fever; anorexia; weight loss; fatigue; night sweats; chest pain

91
Q

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

92
Q

What are the characteristics of M. tuberculosis?

A

long and thin acid-fast rod, strict aerobe, cord factor style of growth

93
Q

What characteristics of M. tuberculosis contribute to its virulence?

A

waxy surface, ability to stimulate a strong cell-mediated immune response

94
Q

How is M. tuberculosis transmitted?

A

Fine droplets of respiratory mucus

95
Q

What factors increase an individual’s susceptibility to TB?

A

inadequate nutrition, debilitation of immune system, poor access to medical care, lung damage, genetics

96
Q

How is TB diagnosed?

A

Mantoux tuberculin skin test, IGRA blood test, PCR test

97
Q

What vaccine is used to prevent TB in other countries (not the US)?

A

Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine

98
Q

How is TB treated?

A

Use of isoniazid; potential for combination with additional antibiotics

99
Q

What is the biggest issue with TB therapy?

A

Noncompliance from the patient?

100
Q

What is Multidrug-resistant TB?

A

TB that is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin

101
Q

What is extensively drug-resistant TB?

A

TB that is resistant to at least two other drugs in addition to isoniazid and rifampin

102
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

inflammatory condition of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli

103
Q

Which types of organisms can cause pneumonia?

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi

104
Q

What are the two forms of pneumonia?

A

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP)

105
Q

What are typical symptoms of all pneumonias?

A

congestion, headache, fever, chest pain, cough, discolored sputum

106
Q

What are the most common causative agents of CAP?

A

Rhinoviruses, influenza, Streptococcous pneumoniae

107
Q

What is walking pneumonia?

A

Pneumonia that still allows you to carry out day-to-day activities

108
Q

What are common causative agents of walking pneumonia?

A

haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae

109
Q

What is consolidation?

A

A condition in which pneumonia exudates, cells, and bacteria solidifies in the air spaces of the lungs

110
Q

How can S. pneumoniae be prevented?

A

Vaccination with PCV13 or PPSV23

111
Q

How is S. pneumoniae treated?

A

broad-spectrum cephalosporins

112
Q

How is Mycoplasma pneumoniae diagnosed?

A

Serological or PCR tests

113
Q

How is Mycoplasma pneumoniae transmitted?

A

aerosol droplets

114
Q

What are the characteristics of Legionella pneumophila?

A

gram-negative; widely distributed in aqueous habitats; resistant to chlorine

115
Q

What are the various signs/symptoms of Histoplasmosis?

A

aches, pains, coughing, fever, night sweats, weight loss

116
Q

What is the causative agent of Histoplasmosis?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum fungus

117
Q

How is Histoplasma capsulatum transmitted?

A

From the soil or environment to humans

118
Q

How is H. capsulatum diagnosed?

A

appearance of “fish-eye” yeasts, urine antigen test

119
Q

What is the treatment for H. capsulatum?

A

1-2 weeks of amphotericin, followed by several weeks of itraconazole

120
Q

What is Pneumocystis pneumonia?

A

opportunistic pneumonia infection in AIDS patients caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii

121
Q

What are the symptoms of Pneumocystis pneumonia?

A

cough, fever, shallow respiration, cyanosis

122
Q

How is Pneumocystis pneumonia diagnosed?

A

Visualization of cysts in a sputum specimen

123
Q

What is the treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia?

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

124
Q

What are the most common causes of healthcare-associated pneumonias?

A

MRSA strains and gram-negative bacteria

125
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?

A

fever, chills, myalgia, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, pulmonary edema, respiratory distress

126
Q

How is hantavirus transmitted?

A

airborne dust contaminated with the feces, urine, or saliva of infected rodents

127
Q

How is hantavirus diagnosed?

A

PCR testing, IgM detection

MICRB 201 (15 decks)

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