Chapter 45/46: Pop Dynamics/Eco Principles Flashcards
Demography
the study of population abundance in varying age categories
Quadrats
Set up in the field to determine the absolute number of individuals in an area
Mark/Recapture
can assist with animals that are very mobile
Can help determine pop growth
Life tables
examine abundance in various age classes
Variables can be calculated based on observed number of indv. in each class.
Survivorship Curves
Humans type I K-selected
Birds type II
Trees type III R- selected
Age Structure Diagrams
Younger ages determine trend
Exponential Growth Curve
Growth rate of pop increases
Unrestricted growth
J curve
Logistic Growth Curve
Rate accelerates then slows down after max growth reached
Restricted growth
S curve
R selected species
Decreased parental care
Mature early
Lower longevity
More/smaller offspring
K selected species
Increased parental care Mature late Higher longevity Less/bigger offspring Humans
Interspecific competition
Competition between two species for resources
Not direct but 1 species evolves to become more efficient than another at gaining resources
Lions and hyenas
Intraspecific competition
Competition within the same species
Could be for mating or dominance
Lions vs lions
Predation
When one species consumes another. This can also extend to plant/herbivore relationships
Parasitism
one species (the parasite) feeds off of another organism (the host).
Mutualism
two species are both benefitted by the interaction.
Invasive species development
Lack of predators
Lack of disease
New niches to exploit
Reduced competition from native species
Tracking pop growth?
Demography Quadrats Mark/Recapture Life tables Survivorship curves Age structure diagrams
Density dependent characteristics
Food Water Shelter Nesting Space Mates Build up of waste products Affected by species pop size
Density independent characteristics
Weather
Natural Disasters
Pollution
Commensalism
an interaction that benefits one but has little, if any, beneficial or harmful effect on the other
Coevolution
when two species interact over long periods of time and changes in the gene pool of one species lead to changes in the gene pool of the other.
Succession
the natural replacement of one biological community with another.
Frederic Clements discovered
Primary succession
Succession from new land that has formed, usually starts on bare rock
Ex: New island formation from explosion and depositing of molten rock.
Secondary succession
Succession on disturbed soil
Rebuilding of land
Ex: fires, windstorms, human agricultural activities
Species richness
number of different species in a measurement
Species evenness
relative abundance of the different species making up an area
Diversity types
Species: number & abundance
Genetic: genetic material, variety
Ecological: variety of ecosyetms
Functional: bio & chem processes
Keystone species
indicate a species whose effect on the community is disproportionately large relative to their abundance
Have large impact relative to biomass (Amy of organisms)
Evolved predation patterns
Camouflage Chemical warfare Warning coloration Mimicry Behavioral strategies
Ectoparasites
live on the outersurface of the host organism
Endoparasites
live inside the host organism
