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GenBio II > Chapter 29: Vertebrates > Flashcards

Chapter 29: Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Instinct

A

adaptation occurs over generations by selection that results in the various behaviors we observe.

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2
Q

Learning

A

behaviors are the result of each individual animal’s unique life experiences.

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3
Q

Altruism

A

Actions done by an individual that could possibly hurt themselves but benefit someone else

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4
Q

Kin selection

A

In acts of altruism, the kin are usually chosen to be the receiver of those actions

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5
Q

Epigenetics

A

when gene expression is altered due to other gene expression in the genome or environmental factors.

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6
Q

Eusociality

A

Where 1 female and some males are able to reproduce, some indv can’t reproduce
Males have 100% gene transmission

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7
Q

Chordates

A

Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Pharyngeal slits
Post anal tail

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8
Q

Notochord

A

Flexible, rod-shaped structure
Found in the embryonic stage of all chordates
Provides skeletal support
NOT in post natal, instead it’s a vertebral column

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9
Q

Notochord vertebrates

A

Delete

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10
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

Eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

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11
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

Openings in the pharynx
aquatic organisms: allow for the exit of water that enters the mouth during feeding
Invertebrate chordates: to filter food out of the water that enters the mouth
Vertebrate fishes: modified into gills, and in jawed fishes into jaws.
tetrapods: modified into components of the ears & tonsils

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12
Q

Post anal tail

A

Posterior elongation of the body, extending beyond the anus
contains skeletal structures & muscles
In aquatic organisms: maintains this structure to aid in locomotion.
In some terrestrial vertebrates: tails help with balance, courting, and signaling.
In humans: is a vestigial structure

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13
Q

Chordate groups

A

Urochordata
Cephalochordata
Craniata
Vertebrata

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14
Q

Urochordata

A

Called tunicates
tunic covering is composed of a cellulose-like carbohydrate material
In adult form: does not possess a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, or post-anal tail BUT larval stage does
Do have pharyngeal slits in both larval & adult stages.

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15
Q

Cephalochordata

A

Small filter feeders
Possess all of the chordate characteristics in the adult form (embryonic form too)
notochord: extends into the head
Extant members are the lancelets, named for their blade-like shape
Live buried in sand at the bottom of warm temperate & seas

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16
Q

Craniata

A

Have cranium, jaw, and facial bones
Bilaterally symmetrical
Includes: the hagfishes, which have a cranium, but lack a backbone & ALL of the vertebrates

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17
Q

Vertebrates

A

Have all 4 characteristics of chordates, BUT they also have a vertebral column composed of cartilage and bone is derived from the notochord (only present in the embryonic stage) during development.
Apparently more closely related to lancelets than tunicates.

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18
Q

Vertebrate groups

A 
Fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
        •Primates
19
Q

Cutaneous respiration

A

In amphibians

oxygens/carbon dioxide exchange that can happen through the skin

20
Q

Tetrapods

A

Literally means 4 foot animals

Evolved limb for support

21
Q

Oviparous

A

mother births a fertilized egg, which hatches external to her body

22
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Eggs are very close to hatching inside of parents body

23
Q

Viviparous

A

Live birth, like humans

In reptiles

24
Q

Fishes

A

2 kinds: Jawless and jawed fishes

Vertebrates

25
Q

Jawless fishes

A

Include hagfishes and lampreys

Not ‘true vertebrates’ – the notochord fails to completely develop into a vertebral column

26
Q

Lampreys

A

Similar to hagfishes in size/shape
But possess a vertebral column
many are ectoparasites
Jawless fish

27
Q

Hagfishes

A

Eel-like scavengers live on the ocean floor
Are detritivores
Jawless fish

28
Q

Jawed fishes

A

Possess sets of paired fins
Jaw evolution allows the expansion of food sources
Belong to either the Chondrichthyes and Osteichtyes groups

29
Q

Chondrichthyes

A 
Cartilaginous fish
Have skeletons made of cartilage
Evolved during the early-mid Devonian pd.
Live mostly in marine habitats
Include sharks, rays, and skates.
Most are Oviparous, some Viviparous
30
Q

Osteichthyes

A 
Bony fish 
Have skeletons made of bones
Have a swim bladder to assist with buoyancy control
Species evolved to be marine/freshwater
Include trout, mani and angelfish
31
Q

Amphibians

A

Had to deal w gravity and how to receive oxygen

Tetrapod and cutaneous respiration adaptation

32
Q

Reptiles

A

Tetrapods
Lay enclosed eggs
Viviparous or ovoviviparous
Crocodiles, turtles, snakes, lizards

33
Q

Birds

A

Pneumatic bones (hollow) to reduce weight
Feather to direct airflow
Lack urinary bladder (water in cloaca)
Cross-current exchange system

34
Q

Mammals

A

Sebaceous glands
Jaw, teeth, 4 chambered heart, gestation, milk for young
Monotremes, Marsupials, Eutherian mamm

35
Q

Primates

A 
Are mammals
Adaptations for living in trees:
Rotating Shoulder joint
Big toe separation
Stereotypic vision 
Larger brains 
Claws to flattened nails 
One offspring per pregnancy
36
Q

Marsupials

A

characterized by giving live birth, but continued development in an external pouch

37
Q

Eutherian mammals

A

placental mammals

have internal development with a placental structure for nutrients/gas exchange

38
Q

What aspects of animal development do genes affect?

A

Sex/morphology
Level of dominance
Behavior patterns

39
Q

Fish that can develo into different sexes

A

Blue headed wrasse

Clownfish

40
Q

Mating strategies

A

Dom males hold territory for females or fight

Sneaker males hang around dom make territory to access females

41
Q

Gene expression

A

Can be altered in both early and later life experiences
Due to genetics or environment
Other genes within a genome can regulate other genes within genome

42
Q

Advantages to grouping

A

Protection from predators
Protection from extreme environments/assistance with homeostasis
Assistance with food acquisition

43
Q

Disadvantages to grouping

A 
Increased competition for food
Increased risk of disease transmission
Greater conspicuousness to predators
Cuckoldry: indv living together 
Cannibalism of young

GenBio II (14 decks)

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