Chapter 29: Vertebrates

Question 1

Instinct

Answer 1

adaptation occurs over generations by selection that results in the various behaviors we observe.

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

behaviors are the result of each individual animal’s unique life experiences.

Question 3

Altruism

Answer 3

Actions done by an individual that could possibly hurt themselves but benefit someone else

Question 4

Kin selection

Answer 4

In acts of altruism, the kin are usually chosen to be the receiver of those actions

Question 5

Epigenetics

Answer 5

when gene expression is altered due to other gene expression in the genome or environmental factors.

Question 6

Eusociality

Answer 6

Where 1 female and some males are able to reproduce, some indv can’t reproduce
Males have 100% gene transmission

Question 7

Chordates

Answer 7

Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Pharyngeal slits
Post anal tail

Question 8

Notochord

Answer 8

Flexible, rod-shaped structure
Found in the embryonic stage of all chordates
Provides skeletal support
NOT in post natal, instead it’s a vertebral column

Question 9

Notochord vertebrates

Answer 9

Delete

Question 10

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Answer 10

Eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

Question 11

pharyngeal slits

Answer 11

Openings in the pharynx
aquatic organisms: allow for the exit of water that enters the mouth during feeding
Invertebrate chordates: to filter food out of the water that enters the mouth
Vertebrate fishes: modified into gills, and in jawed fishes into jaws.
tetrapods: modified into components of the ears & tonsils

Question 12

Post anal tail

Answer 12

Posterior elongation of the body, extending beyond the anus
contains skeletal structures & muscles
In aquatic organisms: maintains this structure to aid in locomotion.
In some terrestrial vertebrates: tails help with balance, courting, and signaling.
In humans: is a vestigial structure

Question 13

Chordate groups

Answer 13

Urochordata
Cephalochordata
Craniata
Vertebrata

Question 14

Urochordata

Answer 14

Called tunicates
tunic covering is composed of a cellulose-like carbohydrate material
In adult form: does not possess a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, or post-anal tail BUT larval stage does
Do have pharyngeal slits in both larval & adult stages.

Question 15

Cephalochordata

Answer 15

Small filter feeders
Possess all of the chordate characteristics in the adult form (embryonic form too)
notochord: extends into the head
Extant members are the lancelets, named for their blade-like shape
Live buried in sand at the bottom of warm temperate & seas

Question 16

Craniata

Answer 16

Have cranium, jaw, and facial bones
Bilaterally symmetrical
Includes: the hagfishes, which have a cranium, but lack a backbone & ALL of the vertebrates

Question 17

Vertebrates

Answer 17

Have all 4 characteristics of chordates, BUT they also have a vertebral column composed of cartilage and bone is derived from the notochord (only present in the embryonic stage) during development.
Apparently more closely related to lancelets than tunicates.

Question 18

Vertebrate groups

Answer 18

Fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
        •Primates

Question 19

Cutaneous respiration

Answer 19

In amphibians

oxygens/carbon dioxide exchange that can happen through the skin

Question 20

Tetrapods

Answer 20

Literally means 4 foot animals

Evolved limb for support

Question 21

Oviparous

Answer 21

mother births a fertilized egg, which hatches external to her body

Question 22

Ovoviviparous

Answer 22

Eggs are very close to hatching inside of parents body

Question 23

Viviparous

Answer 23

Live birth, like humans

In reptiles

Question 24

Fishes

Answer 24

2 kinds: Jawless and jawed fishes

Vertebrates

Question 25

Jawless fishes

Answer 25

Include hagfishes and lampreys | Not ‘true vertebrates’ – the notochord fails to completely develop into a vertebral column

Question 26

Lampreys

Answer 26

Similar to hagfishes in size/shape But possess a vertebral column many are ectoparasites Jawless fish

Question 27

Hagfishes

Answer 27

Eel-like scavengers live on the ocean floor Are detritivores Jawless fish

Question 28

Jawed fishes

Answer 28

Possess sets of paired fins Jaw evolution allows the expansion of food sources Belong to either the Chondrichthyes and Osteichtyes groups

Question 29

Chondrichthyes

Answer 29

``` Cartilaginous fish Have skeletons made of cartilage Evolved during the early-mid Devonian pd. Live mostly in marine habitats Include sharks, rays, and skates. Most are Oviparous, some Viviparous ```

Question 30

Osteichthyes

Answer 30

``` Bony fish Have skeletons made of bones Have a swim bladder to assist with buoyancy control Species evolved to be marine/freshwater Include trout, mani and angelfish ```

Question 31

Amphibians

Answer 31

Had to deal w gravity and how to receive oxygen | Tetrapod and cutaneous respiration adaptation

Question 32

Reptiles

Answer 32

Tetrapods Lay enclosed eggs Viviparous or ovoviviparous Crocodiles, turtles, snakes, lizards

Question 33

Birds

Answer 33

Pneumatic bones (hollow) to reduce weight Feather to direct airflow Lack urinary bladder (water in cloaca) Cross-current exchange system

Question 34

Mammals

Answer 34

Sebaceous glands Jaw, teeth, 4 chambered heart, gestation, milk for young Monotremes, Marsupials, Eutherian mamm

Question 35

Primates

Answer 35

``` Are mammals Adaptations for living in trees: Rotating Shoulder joint Big toe separation Stereotypic vision Larger brains Claws to flattened nails One offspring per pregnancy ```

Question 36

Marsupials

Answer 36

characterized by giving live birth, but continued development in an external pouch

Question 37

Eutherian mammals

Answer 37

placental mammals | have internal development with a placental structure for nutrients/gas exchange

Question 38

What aspects of animal development do genes affect?

Answer 38

Sex/morphology Level of dominance Behavior patterns

Question 39

Fish that can develo into different sexes

Answer 39

Blue headed wrasse | Clownfish

Question 40

Mating strategies

Answer 40

Dom males hold territory for females or fight | Sneaker males hang around dom make territory to access females

Question 41

Gene expression

Answer 41

Can be altered in both early and later life experiences Due to genetics or environment Other genes within a genome can regulate other genes within genome

Question 42

Advantages to grouping

Answer 42

Protection from predators Protection from extreme environments/assistance with homeostasis Assistance with food acquisition

Question 43

Disadvantages to grouping

Answer 43

``` Increased competition for food Increased risk of disease transmission Greater conspicuousness to predators Cuckoldry: indv living together Cannibalism of young ```