Chapter 18: Evolution Origins Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A

an explanation of collected data and facts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Darwin & Wallace

A

Independently developed the idea of natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

immutability

A

Things not changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Natural selection

A

the process by which a selective force causes individuals in a pop. to survive & reproduce to a greater degree than others,
Happens to individuals
Leads to adaptive evolution & evolutionary change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fitness

A

the level of ability to survive and reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Evolution

A

A change in genotype frequencies in a population over time.

Happens to populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Natural selection standards

A
  1. Genetic variation (mutation, sexual reproduction)
  2. Selective Force (alteration in background, parasite presence, etc.)
  3. This causes differential survival that leads to differential reproduction. That some individuals are more successful at reproduction for a reason.
  4. Leads to genotype frequency alterations in a population.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Adaptation

A

any trait that makes the organism more likely to survive/reproduce
Improves fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fecundity

A

Helps measure reproductive success by counting the number of surviving offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Trait adaptiveness

A

Whether or not a trait is adaptive, depends on the environment the organism finds itself in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Divergent evolution

A

When two species (or more) evolve from a common ancestor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Similar conditions can cause the evolution of similar traits – even in unrelated organisms
Ex. Long mouths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Evidence of evolution

A

Fossils
Anatomy & Embryology
Biogeography
Molecular Biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Misconceptions of evolution

A

Evolution is ‘just a theory’
Individuals evolve
Evolution explains the origins of life
Organisms evolve on purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Homologous structures

A

structures that have similar parts due to shared common ancestry, which may or may not have similar functions.
Ex. Arms in humans and birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Structures that have no apparent function and are likely due to evolution from an ancestor that had a function for that structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes within a species

Ex. Pocket mouse coat evolution

18
Q

Macroevolution

A

Formation of a new species from pre-existing species.

Ex: Modern dog species from ancestral wolf species

19
Q

Biological species

A

Population whose members can interbreed in nature & produce fertile offspring.

20
Q

Morphological species

A

defines species by physical traits; doesn’t require mating

21
Q

Ecological species

A

defines species by their role within the environment

22
Q

Phylogenetic species

A

any group of organisms that have shared common ancestry, also may use morphology (physical traits)

23
Q

Medical/micro species

A

Designated by biochemical, other phenotypic criteria & DNA relatedness, which groups strains on the basis of their overall genetic similarity.

24
Q

Speciation

A

When one group of organisms becomes isolated and evolves enough to become their own species.

25
Allopatric speciation
When two populations are physically separated Form of geographic isolation Happens gradually
26
Sympatric speciation
Organisms become species through adaptation to different parts of the geographic space Despite same behavior/organism, different mating behaviors can develop bc of selective factors
27
Reproductive isolation
Happens when two populations are no longer able to reproduce with each other Causes rapid speciation Broken up into 2 barriers: prezygotic and postzygotic
28
Prezygotic barrier
Mating behavioral diff. Breeding @ diff. times Live in diff. habitats Mechanical and gametic isolation
29
Mechanical isolation
Form of pre zygotic reproductive isolation | Ex. mating structures are not compatible
30
Gametic isolation
Gametes unable to join | Form of pre zygotic reproductive isolation
31
Post zygotic barriers
Hybrids occur: these offspring between populations cannot survive or are not able to reproduce
32
Hybrid zones
``` Regions in which two species have the opportunity to meet, mate, and produce some offspring Types: Reinforcement Fusion Stability ```
33
Reinforcement
When hybrids are less fit (don’t survive or reproduce well) than parental species – maintains species
34
Fusion
When hybrids are more fit than parental species causing two species to fuse into one
35
Stability
When hybrids continue to be produced and are maintained
36
Geographic isolation
Large geographic formations isolating populations, like a mountain Includes allopathic speciation May contribute to reproductive isolation
37
Abiotic factors
Can act as a selective factor in survival | Ex. Air, soil, temp
38
Biogeography
How living organisms are positioned in geological spaces
39
Molecular Biology
All living things have the same DNA molecule & undergo protein synthesis.
40
Anatomy & embryology
Shared and conserved embryological development