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GenBio II > Chapter 35: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 35: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Action potential

A

change in the electrical potential of a neuron (or muscle) membrane

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2
Q

Astrocyte

A

glial cell in CNS that provide nutrients and structural support for neurons; also makes up the blood-brain barrier

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3
Q

Axon

A

conducts nerve impulses
long tube-like structure
covered with myelin sheath

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4
Q

Axon terminal

A

structure on the end of an axon that can form a synapse with another neuron

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5
Q

Cerebellum

A

Receives sensory input from many structures
Involved in posture, balance and coordination
Sends motor impulses out the brain stem to skeletal muscles

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6
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Thin, complex outer layer of gray matter/brain tissue
Contains motor and sensory areas
Involved in many higher-order functions

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7
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)

A

clear liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and fills the ventricles and central canal; acts as a shock absorber and circulates material throughout the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Corpus callosum

A

thick fiber bundle that connects the cerebral hemispheres, allows communication between both sides

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9
Q

Dendrite

A

structure that extends away from the cell body to receive messages from other neurons

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10
Q

Depolarization

A

change in the membrane potential overshoots to positive value

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11
Q

Dura mater

A

tough outermost layer of meninges that cover the CNS

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12
Q

Ependymal cells

A

produces CSF that cushions neurons in the brain

CNS glial

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13
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

depolarization of a postsynaptic membrane caused by neurotransmitter molecules released from a presynaptic cell

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14
Q

Frontal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex that contains the motor cortex, primary thinking area

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15
Q

Glia

A

(also, glial cells) cells that provide support functions for neurons

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16
Q

Hippocampus

A

brain structure in the temporal lobe involved in processing memories

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17
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

change in the membrane potential to a more negative value

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18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Forms floor of 3rd ventricle
Controls endocrine sys via pituitary
Controls hormone release and body homeostasis (thermostat)

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19
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic membrane caused by neurotransmitter molecules released from a presynaptic cell

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20
Q

Membrane potential

A

Difference in electrical potential between the inside & outside of a cell
Changes are in response to neurotransmitters from other neurons

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21
Q

Meninges

A

Wrapping of the brain covering & protecting CNS
Spaces between are filled w CSF
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

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22
Q

Microglia

A

glia that scavenge and degrade dead cells and protect the brain from invading microorganisms

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23
Q

Myelin

A

fatty substance produced by glia that insulates axons

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24
Q

Neuron

A

specialized cell that can receive and transmit electrical and chemical signals

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25
Nodes of ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheath where the signal is recharged
26
Occipital lobe
part of the cerebral cortex that contains visual cortex and processes visual stimuli
27
Oligodendrocyte
CNS glial cell that myelinates central nervous system neuron axons
28
Parasympathetic nervous system
division of ANS Promotes relaxed states Promotes digestion and relaxes heartbeat
29
Parietal lobe
part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing touch and the sense of the body in space
30
Radial glia
glia that serve as scaffolds for developing neurons as they migrate to their final destinations
31
Refractory period
period after an action potential when it is more difficult or impossible for an action potential to be fired; caused by inactivation of sodium channels and activation of additional potassium channels of the membrane
32
Saltatory conduction
“jumping” of an action potential along an axon from one node of Ranvier to the next
33
Sensory- somatic nervous system
System of motor and sensory nerves
34
Somatosensation
Sense of touch
35
Spinal cord
``` Main functions: 1. Center for reflex actions 2. Means of communication between brain and spinal nerves Transmits sensory and motor information Gray matter -Cell bodies and short UNmyelinated fibers White matter -myelinated ```
36
Spinal nerve
nerve projecting between skin or muscle and spinal cord '
37
Summation
process of multiple presynaptic inputs creating EPSPs around the same time for the postsynaptic neuron to be sufficiently depolarized to fire an action potential
38
Sympathetic nervous system
division of ANS “fight or flight” Accelerates heartbeat and dislates bronchi
39
Synapse
junction between two neurons where neuronal signals are communicated
40
Synaptic cleft
space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes
41
Synaptic vesicle
spherical structure that contains a neurotransmitter
42
Temporal lobe
part of the cerebral cortex that processes auditory input; parts of the temporal lobe are involved in speech, memory, and emotion processing
43
Thalamus
Surrounds 3rd ventricle Gateway to and from cerebral cortex Relays sensory information to the cortex
44
Threshold of excitation
level of depolarization needed for an action potential to fire
45
Ventricle
cavity within brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid
46
Hydras
Have nerve nets
47
Echinoderms
Have bundle of nerves
48
Planarians
Ladder like nervous sys | Lots of cephalization
49
Central Nervous Sys
Brain and Spinal Cord | Lots of cephalization
50
Peripheral Nervous Sys
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves | Gather info from sensors & conducts decisions to effectors (produce effects)
51
Nervous Sys Functions
1. Receiving sensory input 2. Performing integration 3. Generating motor output
52
Neurons
Functional unit for communication Parts: cell body, dendrite, axon Types: Sensory, interneurons, motor
53
Sensory neurons
Accepts impulses from sensory receptors and transmit to CNS. Stimulated when change happens
54
Interneurons
Transport nerve impulses between CNS Receives info from sensory neuron, transports to motor neuron Brain/spinal cord are made up of these
55
Motor neurons
Accept nerve impulses from CNS | Transmit impulses to muscles/glands
56
4 neuron types
Unipolar: 1 main axon. (Insects) Bipolar: 1 axon, 1 dendrite (retina) Multipolar: 1 axon, mult. dendrites (CNS) Pseudounipolar: axon spilt to 2 branches, one to the CNS, other to the PNS (Sensory neurons)
57
Glial cells
Support, protect & nourish neurons Fulfill many vital functions Influence neuron productivity
58
CNS Glial Cells
Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia
59
PNS Glial Cells
Schwann cells | Satellite cells
60
Oligodendrocytes
Wraps around dendrites to form myelin sheaths around axons. CNS glial
61
Astrocytes
Provides nutrients and structural support | Connection between blood vessels & neurons. CNS glial
62
Ependymal cells
Produce cerebrospinal fluid, cushions neurons. CNS glial
63
Microglia
Search for/collect pathogens and dead cells. CNS glial
64
Schwann cells
Forms myelin sheath around axon, wraps around to insulate. PNS glial
65
Satellite cells
Provide nutrients and structural support to neurons | Wraps around portion of soma only & “orbits” cell body. PNS glial
66
Resting membrane potential
``` Negative charge inside (polarized) Positive outside K is moving out of the cell Negative proteins inside Channel is closed ```
67
Types of Post synaptic potentials
Excitatory: positive, leads to AP in next neuron, cell ON, K is in, closer to threshold Inhibitory: negative, less likely for next neuron to fire AP, cell OFF, K is out, farther from threshold
68
Dura Mater
Outer Layer Meninge | Really tough and durable
69
Arachnoid Mater
Middle layer meninge | Web-like, space for cushioning
70
Pia Mater
Inner layer Meninge | Closest to the brain, thin layer
71
Cerebrum
Largest portion of the brain Made up mostly interneurons (decision making) Communicates/coordinates activities w other parts of brain
72
Longitudinal fissure
Divides cerebrum into left and right cerebral hemispheres
73
Sulci and gyri
Large infoldings within the cerebrum | Increase surface area of cerebra
74
Lobes of Cerebral hemisphere
Frontal: primary thinking Parietal: taste/touch Occipital: visual Temporal: auditory
75
Diencephalon
Deepest part in the mid center of the brain Region encircling 3rd ventricle Contains: hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland
76
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin
77
Brain stem
Parts: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata | Part of CNS, regulates autonomic functions like breathing
78
Midbrain
Part of brain stem | Relay station for tracts passing between cerebrum and spinal cord/ cerebellum
79
Pons
Helps regulate breathing and head movements
80
Medulla oblongata
Has reflex centers for vomiting, swallowing, hiccups etc
81
PNS
Everything outside brain and spinal cord | Has somatic and autonomic systems
82
Somatic sys
Cranial and spinal nerves Not automatic Controls skeletal muscles
83
Autonomic sys
Automatic Controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands Two divisions: sympathetic & parasympathetic
84
Cranial nerves
12 pairs Could be sensory/motor only or both Anything into or going out of brain
85
Spinal nerves
31 pairs Both sensory and motor Anything into or going out of spinal cord, they do so through vertebrae
86
Parasympathetic Neurons
Preganglionic neuron: soma is usually in the brain stem or spinal cord Postganglionic neuron: soma usually in ganglion near target organ
87
Sympathetic Neurons
Preganglionic neuron: soma is in spine Postganglionic neuron: soma is in spinal cord

GenBio II (14 decks)

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