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GenBio II > Chapter 35: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 35: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Action potential

A

change in the electrical potential of a neuron (or muscle) membrane

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2
Q

Astrocyte

A

glial cell in CNS that provide nutrients and structural support for neurons; also makes up the blood-brain barrier

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3
Q

Axon

A

conducts nerve impulses
long tube-like structure
covered with myelin sheath

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4
Q

Axon terminal

A

structure on the end of an axon that can form a synapse with another neuron

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5
Q

Cerebellum

A

Receives sensory input from many structures
Involved in posture, balance and coordination
Sends motor impulses out the brain stem to skeletal muscles

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6
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Thin, complex outer layer of gray matter/brain tissue
Contains motor and sensory areas
Involved in many higher-order functions

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7
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)

A

clear liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and fills the ventricles and central canal; acts as a shock absorber and circulates material throughout the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Corpus callosum

A

thick fiber bundle that connects the cerebral hemispheres, allows communication between both sides

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9
Q

Dendrite

A

structure that extends away from the cell body to receive messages from other neurons

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10
Q

Depolarization

A

change in the membrane potential overshoots to positive value

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11
Q

Dura mater

A

tough outermost layer of meninges that cover the CNS

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12
Q

Ependymal cells

A

produces CSF that cushions neurons in the brain

CNS glial

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13
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

depolarization of a postsynaptic membrane caused by neurotransmitter molecules released from a presynaptic cell

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14
Q

Frontal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex that contains the motor cortex, primary thinking area

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15
Q

Glia

A

(also, glial cells) cells that provide support functions for neurons

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16
Q

Hippocampus

A

brain structure in the temporal lobe involved in processing memories

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17
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

change in the membrane potential to a more negative value

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18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Forms floor of 3rd ventricle
Controls endocrine sys via pituitary
Controls hormone release and body homeostasis (thermostat)

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19
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic membrane caused by neurotransmitter molecules released from a presynaptic cell

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20
Q

Membrane potential

A

Difference in electrical potential between the inside & outside of a cell
Changes are in response to neurotransmitters from other neurons

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21
Q

Meninges

A

Wrapping of the brain covering & protecting CNS
Spaces between are filled w CSF
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

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22
Q

Microglia

A

glia that scavenge and degrade dead cells and protect the brain from invading microorganisms

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23
Q

Myelin

A

fatty substance produced by glia that insulates axons

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24
Q

Neuron

A

specialized cell that can receive and transmit electrical and chemical signals

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25
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath where the signal is recharged

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26
Q

Occipital lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex that contains visual cortex and processes visual stimuli

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27
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

CNS glial cell that myelinates central nervous system neuron axons

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28
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

division of ANS
Promotes relaxed states
Promotes digestion and relaxes heartbeat

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29
Q

Parietal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing touch and the sense of the body in space

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30
Q

Radial glia

A

glia that serve as scaffolds for developing neurons as they migrate to their final destinations

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31
Q

Refractory period

A

period after an action potential when it is more difficult or impossible for an action potential to be fired; caused by inactivation of sodium channels and activation of additional potassium channels of the membrane

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32
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

“jumping” of an action potential along an axon from one node of Ranvier to the next

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33
Q

Sensory- somatic nervous system

A

System of motor and sensory nerves

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34
Q

Somatosensation

A

Sense of touch

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35
Q

Spinal cord

A 
Main functions:
1. Center for reflex actions
2. Means of communication between brain and spinal nerves
Transmits sensory and motor information
Gray matter
-Cell bodies and short UNmyelinated fibers
White matter
-myelinated
36
Q

Spinal nerve

A

nerve projecting between skin or muscle and spinal cord ‘

37
Q

Summation

A

process of multiple presynaptic inputs creating EPSPs around the same time for the postsynaptic neuron to be sufficiently depolarized to fire an action potential

38
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

division of ANS
“fight or flight”
Accelerates heartbeat and dislates bronchi

39
Q

Synapse

A

junction between two neurons where neuronal signals are communicated

40
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

41
Q

Synaptic vesicle

A

spherical structure that contains a neurotransmitter

42
Q

Temporal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex that processes auditory input; parts of the temporal lobe are involved in speech, memory, and emotion processing

43
Q

Thalamus

A

Surrounds 3rd ventricle
Gateway to and from cerebral cortex
Relays sensory information to the cortex

44
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

level of depolarization needed for an action potential to fire

45
Q

Ventricle

A

cavity within brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid

46
Q

Hydras

A

Have nerve nets

47
Q

Echinoderms

A

Have bundle of nerves

48
Q

Planarians

A

Ladder like nervous sys

Lots of cephalization

49
Q

Central Nervous Sys

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

Lots of cephalization

50
Q

Peripheral Nervous Sys

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Gather info from sensors & conducts decisions to effectors (produce effects)

51
Q

Nervous Sys Functions

A
  1. Receiving sensory input
  2. Performing integration
  3. Generating motor output
52
Q

Neurons

A

Functional unit for communication
Parts: cell body, dendrite, axon
Types: Sensory, interneurons, motor

53
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Accepts impulses from sensory receptors and transmit to CNS. Stimulated when change happens

54
Q

Interneurons

A

Transport nerve impulses between CNS
Receives info from sensory neuron, transports to motor neuron
Brain/spinal cord are made up of these

55
Q

Motor neurons

A

Accept nerve impulses from CNS

Transmit impulses to muscles/glands

56
Q

4 neuron types

A

Unipolar: 1 main axon. (Insects)
Bipolar: 1 axon, 1 dendrite (retina)
Multipolar: 1 axon, mult. dendrites (CNS)
Pseudounipolar: axon spilt to 2 branches, one to the CNS, other to the PNS (Sensory neurons)

57
Q

Glial cells

A

Support, protect & nourish neurons
Fulfill many vital functions
Influence neuron productivity

58
Q

CNS Glial Cells

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia

59
Q

PNS Glial Cells

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

60
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Wraps around dendrites to form myelin sheaths around axons. CNS glial

61
Q

Astrocytes

A

Provides nutrients and structural support

Connection between blood vessels & neurons. CNS glial

62
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Produce cerebrospinal fluid, cushions neurons. CNS glial

63
Q

Microglia

A

Search for/collect pathogens and dead cells. CNS glial

64
Q

Schwann cells

A

Forms myelin sheath around axon, wraps around to insulate. PNS glial

65
Q

Satellite cells

A

Provide nutrients and structural support to neurons

Wraps around portion of soma only & “orbits” cell body. PNS glial

66
Q

Resting membrane potential

A 
Negative charge inside (polarized)
Positive outside
K is moving out of the cell
Negative proteins inside
Channel is closed
67
Q

Types of Post synaptic potentials

A

Excitatory: positive, leads to AP in next neuron, cell ON, K is in, closer to threshold

Inhibitory: negative, less likely for next neuron to fire AP, cell OFF, K is out, farther from threshold

68
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outer Layer Meninge

Really tough and durable

69
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Middle layer meninge

Web-like, space for cushioning

70
Q

Pia Mater

A

Inner layer Meninge

Closest to the brain, thin layer

71
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion of the brain
Made up mostly interneurons (decision making)
Communicates/coordinates activities w other parts of brain

72
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Divides cerebrum into left and right cerebral hemispheres

73
Q

Sulci and gyri

A

Large infoldings within the cerebrum

Increase surface area of cerebra

74
Q

Lobes of Cerebral hemisphere

A

Frontal: primary thinking
Parietal: taste/touch
Occipital: visual
Temporal: auditory

75
Q

Diencephalon

A

Deepest part in the mid center of the brain
Region encircling 3rd ventricle
Contains: hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland

76
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin

77
Q

Brain stem

A

Parts: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Part of CNS, regulates autonomic functions like breathing

78
Q

Midbrain

A

Part of brain stem

Relay station for tracts passing between cerebrum and spinal cord/ cerebellum

79
Q

Pons

A

Helps regulate breathing and head movements

80
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Has reflex centers for vomiting, swallowing, hiccups etc

81
Q

PNS

A

Everything outside brain and spinal cord

Has somatic and autonomic systems

82
Q

Somatic sys

A

Cranial and spinal nerves
Not automatic
Controls skeletal muscles

83
Q

Autonomic sys

A

Automatic
Controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
Two divisions: sympathetic & parasympathetic

84
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs
Could be sensory/motor only or both
Anything into or going out of brain

85
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
Both sensory and motor
Anything into or going out of spinal cord, they do so through vertebrae

86
Q

Parasympathetic Neurons

A

Preganglionic neuron: soma is usually in the brain stem or spinal cord

Postganglionic neuron: soma usually in ganglion near target organ

87
Q

Sympathetic Neurons

A

Preganglionic neuron: soma is in spine

Postganglionic neuron: soma is in spinal cord

GenBio II (14 decks)

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