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GenBio II > Chapter 34: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 34: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary canal

A

tubular digestive system with 2 openings: mouth and anus

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2
Q

Anus

A

exit point for waste material

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3
Q

Bile

A

produced by the liver; stored in gallbladder, bile salts important for breakdown of fats into smaller molecules of fats

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4
Q

Bolus

A

mass of food resulting from chewing action and wetting by saliva

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5
Q

Carnivore

A

Animal consuming meat/flesh

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6
Q

Cephalic phase

A

first neural phase of digestion, controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food

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7
Q

Chyme

A

gastric juices mixed w food in the stomach

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8
Q

Digestion

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments

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9
Q

Duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine, receives chyme from stomach

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10
Q

Endocrine system

A

system that releases hormones to control response of the glands in body, can excite or inhibit digestion

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11
Q

Esophagus

A

smooth muscle, tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach, peristalsis occurs here

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12
Q

Essential nutrient

A

nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the body; it must be obtained from food

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13
Q

Gallbladder

A

organ that stores and concentrates bile & sends to small intestine

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14
Q

Gastric phase

A

digestive phase beginning once food enters the stomach; gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested materials

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15
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

digestive system consisting of a single opening (in invertebrates)
Platylhelminthes: flatworms
Ctenophora: comb jellies
Cnidaria: coral, jellyfish

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16
Q

Gizzard

A

muscular organ that grinds food

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17
Q

Herbivore

A

Organism that eats plants only

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18
Q

Ileum

A

last part of the small intestine; connects the small intestine to the large intestine; absorption of bile salts & vitamins

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19
Q

Ingestion

A

1st part of system, act of taking in food

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20
Q

Intestinal phase

A

third digestive phase; begins when chyme enters duodenum, triggering digestive secretions from PLG and hormones control rate of gastric emptying

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21
Q

Jejunum

A

Second part of the small intestine, chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

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22
Q

Large intestine

A

reabsorbs water from undigested material and processes waste matter. Has 4 parts: cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal

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23
Q

Liver

A

produces bile, processes vitamins & fats, stores excess glucose as glycogen

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24
Q

Minerals

A

Calcium: bone formation
Magnesium: catalyst for ATP production
Sodium: nerve transmission, muscle contraction
Potassium: nerve transmission, water balance.
Iron: hemoglobin production

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25
Q

Monogastric

A

digestive system that consists of a single-chambered stomach

26
Q

Omnivore

A

Organism that consumes both plants and animals

27
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine and exocrine gland that secretes digestive juices, produces insulin

28
Q

Peristalsis

A

wave-like movements of muscle tissue to push food

29
Q

Proventriculus

A

Birds 2nd stomach, glandular part that secretes enzymes to help breakdown food

30
Q

Rectum

A

area of the body where feces is stored until elimination

31
Q

Roughage

A

Food high in fiber that is tough to digest

32
Q

Ruminant

A

Four stomach animal

Ex. Goats

33
Q

Salivary amylase

A

enzyme found in saliva, which converts carbohydrates to maltose

34
Q

Secretin

A

hormone released by duodenum in response to acidity

35
Q

Small intestine

A

Mostly absorption from food. 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

36
Q

Somatostatin

A

hormone released to stop acid secretion when the stomach is empty

37
Q

Sphincter

A

band of muscle that controls movement of materials throughout the digestive tract

38
Q

Stomach

A

saclike organ containing acidic digestive juices, major site of protein breakdown

39
Q

Villi

A

folds on the inner surface of the small intestine, increase absorption area, make microvilli

40
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

A: maintains healthy skin and eye health
D: helps body absorb calcium, maintains strong bones
E: antioxidant, boosts immune function
K: blood clotting

41
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

B: energy, influence growth
C: boosts immune function, fights skin aging and antioxidant

42
Q

Obligate carnivores

A

rely on flesh for nutrients

43
Q

Facultative carnivores

A

can eat non-animal food and animals, but mostly animals

44
Q

Avian

A

2 chambered stomach
Proventriculus (enzymes) and gizzard (grinding)
All birds are avians

45
Q

Crop

A

Stores food in birds, before proventriculus

46
Q

Cloaca

A

Shared exit for urine and feces

47
Q

Rumen and reticulum

A

2 of 4 stomachs in ruminants Contains prokaryotes and protists to digest cellulose fibers

48
Q

Omasum

A

3rd stomach in ruminants, removes water from cud that is regurgitated

49
Q

Abomasum

A

4th stomach in ruminants, cud is digested by enzymes produced here, similar to mono gastric stomach

50
Q

Pseudo-ruminants

A

3 chambered stomach
Rumen, omasum, abomasum
Most digestion happens in cecum and spiral colon, NO reticulum

51
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway where food is swallowed

52
Q

Tongue

A

Composed of striated muscle

53
Q

Salivary glands

A

secrete saliva

sublingual, submandibular, parotid

54
Q

Epiglottis

A

Covers opening into trachea and keeps food from air passageways

55
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Junction between stomach and small intestine

56
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Blood goes straight to here, takes nutrients to liver to detoxify, then send back to bloodstream

57
Q

Cecum

A

Has small projection called the appendix, rabbits cecum is larger than humans bc it has to digest cellulose fibers

58
Q

Colon

A

4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon

Leads to the rectum

59
Q

Carb digestion

A

Starts in the mouth, enzymes in pancreas and small intestine help
HONEY

60
Q

Lipid digestion

A

Begins in the stomach, mostly digestion in small intestine, bile acids help
BUTTER

61
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Broken down version of lipids, transferred into lymph capillary then back into the body

62
Q

Protein digestion

A

Mostly done in the stomach, proteins to peptides to amino acids that go to the small intestines
FISH OR BEANS

GenBio II (14 decks)

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