Chapter 34: Digestive System

Question 1

Alimentary canal

Answer 1

tubular digestive system with 2 openings: mouth and anus

Question 2

Anus

Answer 2

exit point for waste material

Question 3

Bile

Answer 3

produced by the liver; stored in gallbladder, bile salts important for breakdown of fats into smaller molecules of fats

Question 4

Bolus

Answer 4

mass of food resulting from chewing action and wetting by saliva

Question 5

Carnivore

Answer 5

Animal consuming meat/flesh

Question 6

Cephalic phase

Answer 6

first neural phase of digestion, controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food

Question 7

Chyme

Answer 7

gastric juices mixed w food in the stomach

Question 8

Digestion

Answer 8

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments

Question 9

Duodenum

Answer 9

first part of the small intestine, receives chyme from stomach

Question 10

Endocrine system

Answer 10

system that releases hormones to control response of the glands in body, can excite or inhibit digestion

Question 11

Esophagus

Answer 11

smooth muscle, tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach, peristalsis occurs here

Question 12

Essential nutrient

Answer 12

nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the body; it must be obtained from food

Question 13

Gallbladder

Answer 13

organ that stores and concentrates bile & sends to small intestine

Question 14

Gastric phase

Answer 14

digestive phase beginning once food enters the stomach; gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested materials

Question 15

Gastrovascular cavity

Answer 15

digestive system consisting of a single opening (in invertebrates)
Platylhelminthes: flatworms
Ctenophora: comb jellies
Cnidaria: coral, jellyfish

Question 16

Gizzard

Answer 16

muscular organ that grinds food

Question 17

Herbivore

Answer 17

Organism that eats plants only

Question 18

Ileum

Answer 18

last part of the small intestine; connects the small intestine to the large intestine; absorption of bile salts & vitamins

Question 19

Ingestion

Answer 19

1st part of system, act of taking in food

Question 20

Intestinal phase

Answer 20

third digestive phase; begins when chyme enters duodenum, triggering digestive secretions from PLG and hormones control rate of gastric emptying

Question 21

Jejunum

Answer 21

Second part of the small intestine, chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

Question 22

Large intestine

Answer 22

reabsorbs water from undigested material and processes waste matter. Has 4 parts: cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal

Question 23

Liver

Answer 23

produces bile, processes vitamins & fats, stores excess glucose as glycogen

Question 24

Minerals

Answer 24

Calcium: bone formation
Magnesium: catalyst for ATP production
Sodium: nerve transmission, muscle contraction
Potassium: nerve transmission, water balance.
Iron: hemoglobin production

Question 25

Monogastric

Answer 25

digestive system that consists of a single-chambered stomach

Question 26

Omnivore

Answer 26

Organism that consumes both plants and animals

Question 27

Pancreas

Answer 27

Endocrine and exocrine gland that secretes digestive juices, produces insulin

Question 28

Peristalsis

Answer 28

wave-like movements of muscle tissue to push food

Question 29

Proventriculus

Answer 29

Birds 2nd stomach, glandular part that secretes enzymes to help breakdown food

Question 30

Rectum

Answer 30

area of the body where feces is stored until elimination

Question 31

Roughage

Answer 31

Food high in fiber that is tough to digest

Question 32

Ruminant

Answer 32

Four stomach animal | Ex. Goats

Question 33

Salivary amylase

Answer 33

enzyme found in saliva, which converts carbohydrates to maltose

Question 34

Secretin

Answer 34

hormone released by duodenum in response to acidity

Question 35

Small intestine

Answer 35

Mostly absorption from food. 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 36

Somatostatin

Answer 36

hormone released to stop acid secretion when the stomach is empty

Question 37

Sphincter

Answer 37

band of muscle that controls movement of materials throughout the digestive tract

Question 38

Stomach

Answer 38

saclike organ containing acidic digestive juices, major site of protein breakdown

Question 39

Villi

Answer 39

folds on the inner surface of the small intestine, increase absorption area, make microvilli

Question 40

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Answer 40

A: maintains healthy skin and eye health D: helps body absorb calcium, maintains strong bones E: antioxidant, boosts immune function K: blood clotting

Question 41

Water Soluble Vitamins

Answer 41

B: energy, influence growth C: boosts immune function, fights skin aging and antioxidant

Question 42

Obligate carnivores

Answer 42

rely on flesh for nutrients

Question 43

Facultative carnivores

Answer 43

can eat non-animal food and animals, but mostly animals

Question 44

Avian

Answer 44

2 chambered stomach Proventriculus (enzymes) and gizzard (grinding) All birds are avians

Question 45

Crop

Answer 45

Stores food in birds, before proventriculus

Question 46

Cloaca

Answer 46

Shared exit for urine and feces

Question 47

Rumen and reticulum

Answer 47

2 of 4 stomachs in ruminants Contains prokaryotes and protists to digest cellulose fibers

Question 48

Omasum

Answer 48

3rd stomach in ruminants, removes water from cud that is regurgitated

Question 49

Abomasum

Answer 49

4th stomach in ruminants, cud is digested by enzymes produced here, similar to mono gastric stomach

Question 50

Pseudo-ruminants

Answer 50

3 chambered stomach Rumen, omasum, abomasum Most digestion happens in cecum and spiral colon, NO reticulum

Question 51

Pharynx

Answer 51

Passageway where food is swallowed

Question 52

Tongue

Answer 52

Composed of striated muscle

Question 53

Salivary glands

Answer 53

secrete saliva | sublingual, submandibular, parotid

Question 54

Epiglottis

Answer 54

Covers opening into trachea and keeps food from air passageways

Question 55

Pyloric sphincter

Answer 55

Junction between stomach and small intestine

Question 56

Hepatic portal vein

Answer 56

Blood goes straight to here, takes nutrients to liver to detoxify, then send back to bloodstream

Question 57

Cecum

Answer 57

Has small projection called the appendix, rabbits cecum is larger than humans bc it has to digest cellulose fibers

Question 58

Colon

Answer 58

4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon | Leads to the rectum

Question 59

Carb digestion

Answer 59

Starts in the mouth, enzymes in pancreas and small intestine help HONEY

Question 60

Lipid digestion

Answer 60

Begins in the stomach, mostly digestion in small intestine, bile acids help BUTTER

Question 61

Chylomicrons

Answer 61

Broken down version of lipids, transferred into lymph capillary then back into the body

Question 62

Protein digestion

Answer 62

Mostly done in the stomach, proteins to peptides to amino acids that go to the small intestines FISH OR BEANS