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GenBio II > Chapter 37: Endocrine > Flashcards

Chapter 37: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

adenylate cyclase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP

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2
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Has 3 zones: zona glomerulosa, fasiculata, reticularis

outer portion of adrenal glands that produces corticosteroids

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3
Q

adrenal gland

A

Pyramid shaped glands on top of kidney
Has 2 regions
Adrenal cortex (outer)
Adrenal medulla (inner)

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4
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Inner part of adrenal glands

produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

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5
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

hormone released by the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

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6
Q

aldosterone

A

hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that stimulates the reabsorption of Na+

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7
Q

alpha cell

A

endocrine cell of the pancreatic islets that produces the hormone glucagon

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8
Q

amino acid-derived hormone

A

hormone derived from amino acids

Water soluble

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9
Q

androgen

A

male sex hormone such as testosterone

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10
Q

anterior pituitary

A

portion of the pituitary gland that produces six hormones; also called adenohypophysis

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11
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

hormone produced by the hypothalamus
released by the posterior pituitary
increases water reabsorption

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12
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

hormone produced by the heart to reduce blood volume, pressure, and Na+ concentration
Increases salt secretion in urine

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13
Q

beta cell

A

endocrine cell of the pancreatic islets that produces the hormone insulin

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14
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that functions to lower blood Ca2+ levels and promote bone growth

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15
Q

colloid

A

fluid inside the thyroid gland

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16
Q

corticosteroid

A

hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to long-term stress

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17
Q

cortisol

A

glucocorticoid produced in response to stress

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18
Q

down-regulation

A

fewer receptors means a smaller response

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19
Q

endocrine gland

A

gland that secretes hormones into the surrounding interstitial fluid, which then diffuse into blood and are carried to various organs and tissues within the body

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20
Q

epinephrine

A

hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to a short term stress

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21
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Peptide hormone produced by the kidneys when oxygen in blood is low
stimulates RBC production

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22
Q

estrogens

A

Female hormone
elicit secondary sex characteristics
Produced by follicular cells
control the maturation of the ova

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23
Q

first messenger

A

the hormone that binds to a plasma membrane hormone receptor to trigger a signal transduction pathway

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24
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates gamete production

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25
Q

G-protein

A

a membrane protein activated by the hormone first messenger to activate formation of cyclic AMP

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26
Q

glucagon

A

hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas in response to low blood sugar; functions to raise blood sugar levels

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27
Q

glucocorticoid

A

corticosteroid that affects glucose metabolism

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28
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from amino acids

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29
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

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30
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by insufficient dietary iodine levels

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31
Q

gonadotropin

A

hormone that regulates the gonads, including FSH and LH

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32
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that promotes protein synthesis and body growth

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33
Q

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

A

hormone produced by the hypothalamus that inhibits growth hormone production, also called somatostatin

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34
Q

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

hormone released by the hypothalamus that triggers the release of GH

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35
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

release of a hormone in response to another hormone

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36
Q

hormone receptor

A

the cellular protein that binds to a hormone

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37
Q

humoral stimuli

A

control of hormone release in response to changes in blood

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38
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high blood sugar level

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39
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

overactivity of the thyroid gland

40
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar level

41
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

system of blood vessels that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

42
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels; functions to lower blood glucose levels

43
Q

insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

A

growth-promoting protein produced by the liver

44
Q

intracellular hormone receptor

A

a hormone receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell

45
Q

islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets)

A

endocrine cells of the pancreas

46
Q

isthmus

A

tissue mass that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland

47
Q

leptin

A

hormone produced by adipose tissue promotes satiety and reduces hunger

48
Q

lipid-derived hormone

A

hormone derived mostly from cholesterol

Fat soluble, not water soluble

49
Q

mineralocorticoid

A

corticosteroid that affects ion and water balance

50
Q

neural stimuli

A

stimulation of endocrine glands by the nervous system

51
Q

norepinephrine

A

hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to a short-term stress hormone production by the gonads

52
Q

oxytocin

A

hormone released by the posterior pituitary to stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth and milk in mammary glands

53
Q

pancreas

A 
located behind stomach 
Regulates blood sugar level &digestion rate
Exocrine and endocrine gland
Alpha cells: produces glucagon
Beta cells: produces insulin
54
Q

parafollicular cell

A

thyroid cell that produces the hormone calcitonin

55
Q

parathyroid gland

A

Located on posterior of thyroid gland
Secretes parathyroid hormone
- regulates blood calcium levels

56
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

hormone produced by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood Ca2+ levels; functions to raise blood Ca2+ levels

57
Q

peptide hormone

A

hormone composed of a polypeptide chain
Stored inn vessicles
Water soluble
Released via exocytosis

58
Q

phosphodiesterase (PDE)

A

enzyme that deactivates cAMP, stopping hormone activity

59
Q

pituitary gland

A

endocrine gland located at the base of the brain composed of an anterior and posterior region; also called hypophysis

60
Q

pituitary stalk

A

(also, infundibulum) stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

61
Q

plasma membrane hormone receptor

A

a hormone receptor on the surface of the plasma membrane of a cell

62
Q

posterior pituitary

A

extension of the brain that releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus; along with the infundibulum, it is also referred to as the neurohypophysis

63
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates milk production

64
Q

prolactin-inhibiting hormone

A

hormone produced by the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of prolactin

65
Q

prolactin-releasing hormone

A

hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of prolactin

66
Q

renin

A

enzyme produced by kidneys that causes release of aldosterone
Important for blood pressure

67
Q

thymus

A

Deep in the thorax
Large in children small in adults
Produces thymosins: develop and mature the immune response

68
Q

thyroglobulin

A

glycoprotein found in the thyroid that is converted into thyroid hormone

69
Q

thyroid gland (general)

A

located in anterior neck, near throat
Produces thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Largest pure endocrine gland
2 lateral lobes connected by isthmus

70
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that controls the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland

71
Q

thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4)

A

thyroid hormone containing 4 iodines that controls the basal metabolic rate

72
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

A

thyroid hormone containing 3 iodines that controls the basal metabolic rate

73
Q

up-regulation

A

more receptors means a larger response

74
Q

Types of hormones

A

Peptides
Amines
Steroids

75
Q

Negative feedback

A

Stimulus: body temp rising
Sensing: nerve cells and skin
Controlling: sweating activated in brain
Effector: sweat glands

76
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA to DNA (replication, DNA Polymerase)
DNA to RNA (transcription, RNA Polymerase)
RNA to protein (translation, ribosome)

77
Q

Steroids

A

Main class
Derived from cholesterol
Lipid soluble
dissolve through membranes

78
Q

Amine hormones

A

Derived from amino acids

Water soluble

79
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

A

Connection between nervous and endocrine sys

Major regulator of most hormones

80
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Located at base of the brain

Connected to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk

81
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Regulated by hormones produced in hypothalamus

82
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Hormones produced in hypothalamus are transported down axons and are released from this gland

83
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary name
Can release/inhibit hormones from hypothalamus
Makes and secretes 7 diff hormones:
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL, MSH

84
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

Delivers hormones to anterior pituitary

Can promote or stop release of hormones to AP

85
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary name
Releases 2 hormones
ADH: anti diuretic hormone
Oxytocin: uterine contractions and milk

86
Q

thyroid gland (structure)

A

Composed of spherical follicles surround colloid
Follicle cells: produce t3 t4 and thyroglobulin
Parafollicular cells: produce calcitonin

87
Q

Pineal gland

A

Part of epithalamus
Produces melatonin (induces drowsiness)
Sets biological clock

88
Q

Testes

A 
Male gonads
Secretes androgens
Sperm maturation happens here
Steroid hormone: testosterone
        - produced in interstitial cells
89
Q

Ovaries

A

Female gonads

Produces estrogen and progestins

90
Q

Progestins

A

Female hormone
Produced by corpus luteum
Prepares uterus for implantation
Prepares mammary glands for secretion

91
Q

Heart

A

Atria contain endocrine cells

Produces atrial natriuretic peptide hormone

92
Q

GI Tract

A

Cells in here secrete hormones that promote

Digestion, hunger, and satiety

93
Q

Calcitrol

A

Produced by the kidneys
Steroid hormone in form of Vitamin D
Stimulates calcium & phosphate absorption from small intestine

94
Q

Adipose

A

Fat cells

Produce leptin

95
Q

Types of stimulation glands

A

Hormonal
Humoral
Neural

GenBio II (14 decks)

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