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GenBio II > Chapter 36: Sensory System > Flashcards

Chapter 36: Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

Audition

A

Sense of hearing

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2
Q

Auricle

A

cartilaginous outer ear

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3
Q

Basilar membrane

A

stiff structure in the cochlea that indirectly anchors auditory receptors

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4
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

neuron with two processes from the cell body, typically in opposite directions

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5
Q

Candela

A

(cd) unit of measurement of luminous intensity (brightness)

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6
Q

Cochlea

A

whorled structure that contains receptors for transduction of the mechanical wave into an electrical signal

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7
Q

Cones

A 
weakly photosensitive
In center of retina 
Detects bright light 
Primary role is color vision
Contains photopigments
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8
Q

Cornea

A

transparent layer over the front of the eye that helps focus light waves

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9
Q

Forea

A

region in the center of the retina with a high density of photoreceptors and which is responsible for acute vision

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10
Q

Free nerve ending

A

ending of an afferent neuron that lacks a specialized structure for detection of sensory stimuli; some respond to touch, pain, or temperature

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11
Q

Glabrous

A

describes the non-hairy skin found on palms and fingers, soles of feet, and lips of humans and other primates

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12
Q

Gustation

A

Sense of taste

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13
Q

Incus

A

(also, anvil) second of the three bones of the middle ear

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14
Q

Inner ear

A

innermost part of the ear; consists of the cochlea and the vestibular system

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15
Q

Iris

A

pigmented, circular muscle at the front of the eye that regulates the amount of light entering the eye

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16
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Sense of body movement

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17
Q

Labyrinth

A

bony, hollow structure that is the most internal part of the ear; contains the sites of transduction of auditory and vestibular information

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18
Q

Lens

A

transparent, convex structure behind the cornea that helps focus light waves on the retina

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19
Q

Malleus

A

(also, hammer) first of the three bones of the middle ear

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20
Q

Mechanorecepter

A

sensory receptor modified to respond to mechanical disturbance such as being bent, touch, pressure, motion, and sound

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21
Q

Middle ear

A

part of the hearing apparatus that functions to transfer energy from the tympanum to the oval window of the inner ear

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22
Q

Nociception

A

neural processing of noxious (such as damaging) stimuli

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23
Q

Odorant

A

airborne molecule that stimulates an olfactory receptor and binds to them

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24
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell

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25
Olfactory bulb
neural structure in the vertebrate brain that receives signals from olfactory receptors
26
Olfactory epithelium
specialized tissue in the nasal cavity where olfactory receptors are located
27
Olfactory receptor
Dendrite of a specialized neuron
28
Organ of corti
Inside cochlea | Organ for transduction of sound, a mechanical wave, to a neural signal
29
Ossicle
one of the three bones of the middle ear
30
Outer ear
part of the ear that consists of the auricle, ear canal, and tympanum and which conducts sound waves into the middle ear
31
Oval window
thin diaphragm between the middle and inner ears that receives sound waves from contact with the stapes bone of the middle ear
32
Papilla
one of the small bump-like projections from the tongue
33
Perception
individual interpretation of a sensation; a brain function
34
Proprioception
sense of limb position; used to track kinesthesia
35
Pupil
Small opening through which light enters
36
Reception
receipt of a signal (such as light or sound) by sensory receptors
37
Receptive field
region in space in which a stimulus can activate a given sensory receptor
38
Receptor potential
membrane potential in a sensory receptor in response to detection of a stimulus
39
Retina
layer of photoreceptive and supporting cells on the inner surface of the back of the eye
40
Rhodopsin
main photoreceptor in vertebrates 2 parts: transmembrane protein opsin Retinal
41
Rod
``` strongly photosensitive (response to light) In outer edges of the retina Detects dim light Used in peripheral and nighttime vision Contains rhodopsin ```
42
Semicircular canal
one of three half-circular, fluid-filled tubes in the vestibular labyrinth that monitors angular acceleration and deceleration
43
Sensory receptor
specialized neuron or other cells associated with a neuron that is modified to receive specific sensory input
44
Sensory transduction
conversion of a sensory stimulus into electrical energy in the nervous system by a change in the membrane potential
45
Stapes
(also, stirrup) third of the three bones of the middle ear
46
Stereocilia
Hair-like projections from hair cells that help detect sound waves Brought together by proteins
47
Tastant
food molecule that stimulates gustatory receptors
48
Taste bud
Clusters of taste cells
49
Tectorial membrane
cochlear structure that lies above the hair cells and participates in the transduction of sound at the hair cells
50
Tonic activity
in a neuron, slight continuous activity while at rest
51
Tympanum
(also, tympanic membrane or ear drum) thin diaphragm between the outer and middle ears
52
Ultrasound
sound frequencies above the human detectable ceiling of approximately 20,000 Hz
53
Umami
one of the five basic tastes, which is described as “savory” and which may be largely the taste of L-glutamate
54
Vestibular sense
sense of spatial orientation and balance
55
Vision
Sense of sight
56
Types of sensation
``` Olfaction (smell) Gustation (taste) Equilibrium (balance and body position) Vision Hearing Electroreception Magnetoreception ```
57
Somatosensation types
Vestibular: spatial orientation/balance Proprioception: bone,joint,muscle position Kinesthesia: limb mvmt and tracking
58
General senses receptors
Tactile sensations Temperature Pain Muscle sensing
59
Special senses receptors
``` Vision Hearing Equilibrium Smell Taste ```
60
Sensory Transduction Order
Stimulus Reception Ion channels being affected Neuron could fire Action Potential
61
Receptor types in skin
Merkles disks: not encapsulated, touch Meissners corpuscles: touch & LF vibration Ruffini endings: stretch/ joint deformation Pacian corpuscles: pressure & HF vibration Krause end bulbs: detect cold
62
Primary tastes
Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
63
Wavelength
Corresponds to pitch Amplitude corresponds to volume Smaller amplitude means softer sound
64
Stereocilia ion channels
Open: when array is bent towards tallest member Closed: when array is bent towards shortest member
65
Vestibular receptor organs (Inner Ear)
Utricle Saccule 3 semicircular canals
66
What happens when hair cells are bent in the ear?
Action potentials are sent to the brain
67
Photoreceptors
Located in the retina | Inner surface of the back of the eye
68
When LIGHT strikes a retinal…
1. It changes from cis to a trans form 2. Signal is passed to G-protein called transducin (involved in signal transduction) 3. Transducin activates phosphodiesterase 4. Phosphodiesterase converts cGMP to GMP which closes sodium channels 5. Membranes become hyperpolarized, meaning no AP 6. Hyperpolarized membrane does not release glutamate to bipolar cell
69
Transduction of light: dark vs light
Dark: depolarized (positive value) AP sent Light: hyperpolarized (negative value), no AP
70
Route of sensory signals
EXCEPT OLFACTION | From the thalamus to cortex of brain
71
Intensity understanding
Rate of APs (frequency) | Number of receptors activated
72
Receptor types (general)
``` Thermoreceptors Pain receptors Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors (all skin types) Proprioreceptors (position) Baroreceptors (pressure) ```
73
Bipolar olfactory neurons
Extend from olfactory epithelium to olfactory bulb
74
When smell enters nose
1. Signal transduction 2. APs to olfactory bulb 3. To the brain via olfactory nerve 4. Finally perception of smell
75
Regions of tongue
Foliate Fungiform Circumvallate
76
Hearing sensation location
Cohchlea
77
Balance sensation location
Vestibule

GenBio II (14 decks)

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