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GenBio II > Chapter 36: Sensory System > Flashcards

Chapter 36: Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

Audition

A

Sense of hearing

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2
Q

Auricle

A

cartilaginous outer ear

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3
Q

Basilar membrane

A

stiff structure in the cochlea that indirectly anchors auditory receptors

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4
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

neuron with two processes from the cell body, typically in opposite directions

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5
Q

Candela

A

(cd) unit of measurement of luminous intensity (brightness)

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6
Q

Cochlea

A

whorled structure that contains receptors for transduction of the mechanical wave into an electrical signal

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7
Q

Cones

A 
weakly photosensitive
In center of retina 
Detects bright light 
Primary role is color vision
Contains photopigments
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8
Q

Cornea

A

transparent layer over the front of the eye that helps focus light waves

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9
Q

Forea

A

region in the center of the retina with a high density of photoreceptors and which is responsible for acute vision

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10
Q

Free nerve ending

A

ending of an afferent neuron that lacks a specialized structure for detection of sensory stimuli; some respond to touch, pain, or temperature

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11
Q

Glabrous

A

describes the non-hairy skin found on palms and fingers, soles of feet, and lips of humans and other primates

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12
Q

Gustation

A

Sense of taste

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13
Q

Incus

A

(also, anvil) second of the three bones of the middle ear

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14
Q

Inner ear

A

innermost part of the ear; consists of the cochlea and the vestibular system

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15
Q

Iris

A

pigmented, circular muscle at the front of the eye that regulates the amount of light entering the eye

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16
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Sense of body movement

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17
Q

Labyrinth

A

bony, hollow structure that is the most internal part of the ear; contains the sites of transduction of auditory and vestibular information

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18
Q

Lens

A

transparent, convex structure behind the cornea that helps focus light waves on the retina

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19
Q

Malleus

A

(also, hammer) first of the three bones of the middle ear

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20
Q

Mechanorecepter

A

sensory receptor modified to respond to mechanical disturbance such as being bent, touch, pressure, motion, and sound

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21
Q

Middle ear

A

part of the hearing apparatus that functions to transfer energy from the tympanum to the oval window of the inner ear

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22
Q

Nociception

A

neural processing of noxious (such as damaging) stimuli

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23
Q

Odorant

A

airborne molecule that stimulates an olfactory receptor and binds to them

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24
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell

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25
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

neural structure in the vertebrate brain that receives signals from olfactory receptors

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26
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

specialized tissue in the nasal cavity where olfactory receptors are located

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27
Q

Olfactory receptor

A

Dendrite of a specialized neuron

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28
Q

Organ of corti

A

Inside cochlea

Organ for transduction of sound, a mechanical wave, to a neural signal

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29
Q

Ossicle

A

one of the three bones of the middle ear

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30
Q

Outer ear

A

part of the ear that consists of the auricle, ear canal, and tympanum and which conducts sound waves into the middle ear

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31
Q

Oval window

A

thin diaphragm between the middle and inner ears that receives sound waves from contact with the stapes bone of the middle ear

32
Q

Papilla

A

one of the small bump-like projections from the tongue

33
Q

Perception

A

individual interpretation of a sensation; a brain function

34
Q

Proprioception

A

sense of limb position; used to track kinesthesia

35
Q

Pupil

A

Small opening through which light enters

36
Q

Reception

A

receipt of a signal (such as light or sound) by sensory receptors

37
Q

Receptive field

A

region in space in which a stimulus can activate a given sensory receptor

38
Q

Receptor potential

A

membrane potential in a sensory receptor in response to detection of a stimulus

39
Q

Retina

A

layer of photoreceptive and supporting cells on the inner surface of the back of the eye

40
Q

Rhodopsin

A

main photoreceptor in vertebrates
2 parts:
transmembrane protein opsin
Retinal

41
Q

Rod

A 
strongly photosensitive (response to light)
In outer edges of the retina
Detects dim light
Used in peripheral and nighttime vision
Contains rhodopsin
42
Q

Semicircular canal

A

one of three half-circular, fluid-filled tubes in the vestibular labyrinth that monitors angular acceleration and deceleration

43
Q

Sensory receptor

A

specialized neuron or other cells associated with a neuron that is modified to receive specific sensory input

44
Q

Sensory transduction

A

conversion of a sensory stimulus into electrical energy in the nervous system by a change in the membrane potential

45
Q

Stapes

A

(also, stirrup) third of the three bones of the middle ear

46
Q

Stereocilia

A

Hair-like projections from hair cells that help detect sound waves
Brought together by proteins

47
Q

Tastant

A

food molecule that stimulates gustatory receptors

48
Q

Taste bud

A

Clusters of taste cells

49
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

cochlear structure that lies above the hair cells and participates in the transduction of sound at the hair cells

50
Q

Tonic activity

A

in a neuron, slight continuous activity while at rest

51
Q

Tympanum

A

(also, tympanic membrane or ear drum) thin diaphragm between the outer and middle ears

52
Q

Ultrasound

A

sound frequencies above the human detectable ceiling of approximately 20,000 Hz

53
Q

Umami

A

one of the five basic tastes, which is described as “savory” and which may be largely the taste of L-glutamate

54
Q

Vestibular sense

A

sense of spatial orientation and balance

55
Q

Vision

A

Sense of sight

56
Q

Types of sensation

A 
Olfaction (smell)
Gustation (taste)
Equilibrium (balance and body position)
Vision
Hearing
Electroreception
Magnetoreception
57
Q

Somatosensation types

A

Vestibular: spatial orientation/balance
Proprioception: bone,joint,muscle position
Kinesthesia: limb mvmt and tracking

58
Q

General senses receptors

A

Tactile sensations
Temperature
Pain
Muscle sensing

59
Q

Special senses receptors

A 
Vision
Hearing
Equilibrium 
Smell
Taste
60
Q

Sensory Transduction Order

A

Stimulus
Reception
Ion channels being affected
Neuron could fire Action Potential

61
Q

Receptor types in skin

A

Merkles disks: not encapsulated, touch
Meissners corpuscles: touch & LF vibration
Ruffini endings: stretch/ joint deformation
Pacian corpuscles: pressure & HF vibration
Krause end bulbs: detect cold

62
Q

Primary tastes

A

Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami

63
Q

Wavelength

A

Corresponds to pitch
Amplitude corresponds to volume
Smaller amplitude means softer sound

64
Q

Stereocilia ion channels

A

Open: when array is bent towards tallest member
Closed: when array is bent towards shortest member

65
Q

Vestibular receptor organs (Inner Ear)

A

Utricle
Saccule
3 semicircular canals

66
Q

What happens when hair cells are bent in the ear?

A

Action potentials are sent to the brain

67
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Located in the retina

Inner surface of the back of the eye

68
Q

When LIGHT strikes a retinal…

A
  1. It changes from cis to a trans form
  2. Signal is passed to G-protein called transducin (involved in signal transduction)
  3. Transducin activates phosphodiesterase
  4. Phosphodiesterase converts cGMP to GMP which closes sodium channels
  5. Membranes become hyperpolarized, meaning no AP
  6. Hyperpolarized membrane does not release glutamate to bipolar cell
69
Q

Transduction of light: dark vs light

A

Dark: depolarized (positive value) AP sent
Light: hyperpolarized (negative value), no AP

70
Q

Route of sensory signals

A

EXCEPT OLFACTION

From the thalamus to cortex of brain

71
Q

Intensity understanding

A

Rate of APs (frequency)

Number of receptors activated

72
Q

Receptor types (general)

A 
Thermoreceptors
Pain receptors
Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors (all skin types)
Proprioreceptors (position)
Baroreceptors (pressure)
73
Q

Bipolar olfactory neurons

A

Extend from olfactory epithelium to olfactory bulb

74
Q

When smell enters nose

A
  1. Signal transduction
  2. APs to olfactory bulb
  3. To the brain via olfactory nerve
  4. Finally perception of smell
75
Q

Regions of tongue

A

Foliate
Fungiform
Circumvallate

76
Q

Hearing sensation location

A

Cohchlea

77
Q

Balance sensation location

A

Vestibule

GenBio II (14 decks)

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