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GenBio II > Chapter 38: Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 38: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

abduction

A

when a bone moves away from the midline of the body

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2
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

(AChE) enzyme that breaks down ACh into acetyl and choline

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3
Q

actin

A

globular contractile protein that interacts with myosin for muscle contraction

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4
Q

adduction

A

movement of the limbs inward after abduction

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5
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

joint that allows slight movement; includes syndesmoses and symphyses

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6
Q

angular movement

A

produced when the angle between the bones of a joint changes

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7
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

composed of the bones of the upper limbs, which function to grasp and manipulate objects, and the lower limbs, which permit locomotion

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8
Q

appositional growth

A

increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bone tissue at the surface of bones

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9
Q

articulation

A

any place where two bones are joined

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10
Q

auditory ossicle

A

(also, middle ear) transduces sounds from the air into vibrations in the fluid-filled cochlea

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11
Q

axial skeleton

A

forms the central axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage (ribcage)

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12
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

joint with a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone

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13
Q

bone

A

connective tissue that constitutes the endoskeleton

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14
Q

bone remodeling

A

replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

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15
Q

calcification

A

process of deposition of mineral salts in the collagen fiber matrix that crystallizes and hardens the tissue

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16
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

muscle tissue found only in the heart; cardiac contractions pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure

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17
Q

carpals

A

eight bones that comprise the wrist

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18
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

joint in which the bones are connected by cartilage

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19
Q

circumduction

A

movement of a limb in a circular motion

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20
Q

clavicle

A

S-shaped bone that positions the arms laterally

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21
Q

compact bone

A

forms the hard external layer of all bones

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22
Q

condyloid joint

A

oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone

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23
Q

coxal bone

A

hip bone

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24
Q

cranial bone

A

one of eight bones that form the cranial cavity that encloses the brain and serves as an attachment site for the muscles of the head and neck

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25
depression
movement downward of a bone, such as after the shoulders are shrugged and the scapulae return to their normal position from an elevated position; opposite of elevation
26
diaphysis
central shaft of bone, contains bone marrow in a marrow cavity
27
diarthrosis
joint that allows for free movement of the joint; found in synovial joints
28
dorsiflexion
bending at the ankle such that the toes are lifted toward the knee
29
elevation
movement of a bone upward, such as when the shoulders are shrugged, lifting the scapulae
30
endochondral ossification
process of bone development from hyaline cartilage
31
endoskeleton
skeleton of living cells that produces a hard, mineralized tissue located within the soft tissue of organisms
32
epiphyseal plate
region between the diaphysis and epiphysis that is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones
33
epiphysis
rounded end of bone, covered with articular cartilage and filled with red bone marrow, which produces blood cells
34
eversion
movement of the sole of the foot outward, away from the midline of the body; opposite of inversion
35
exoskeleton
a secreted cellular product external skeleton that consists of a hard encasement on the surface of an organism
36
extension
movement in which the angle between the bones of a joint increases; opposite of flexion
37
facial bone
one of the 14 bones that form the face; provides cavities for the sense organs (eyes, mouth, and nose) and attachment points for facial muscles
38
femur
(also, thighbone) longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body
39
fibrous joint
joint held together by fibrous connective tissue
40
fibula
(also, calf bone) parallels and articulates with the tibia
41
flat bone
thin and relatively broad bone found where extensive protection of organs is required or where broad surfaces of muscle attachment are required
42
flexion
movement in which the angle between the bones decreases; opposite of extension
43
forearm
extends from the elbow to the wrist and consists of two bones: the ulna and the radius
44
gomphosis
the joint in which the tooth fits into the socket like a peg
45
Haversian canal
contains the bone’s blood vessels and nerve fibers
46
hinge joint
slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the other bone
47
humerus
only bone of the arm
48
hydrostatic skeleton
skeleton that consists of aqueous fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
49
hyoid bone
lies below the mandible in the front of the neck
50
hyperextension
extension past the regular anatomical position
51
intervertebral disc
composed of fibrous cartilage; lies between adjacent vertebrae from the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum
52
intramembranous ossification
process of bone development from fibrous membranes
53
inversion
soles of the feet moving inward, toward the midline of the body
54
irregular bone
bone with complex shapes; examples include vertebrae and hip bones
55
joint
point at which two or more bones meet
56
lamella
layer of compact tissue that surrounds a central canal called the Haversian canal
57
lateral rotation
rotation away from the midline of the body
58
long bone
bone that is longer than wide, and has a shaft and two ends
59
lower limb
thigh, leg and foot
60
medial rotation
rotation toward the midline of the body
61
metacarpals
five bones that comprise the palm
62
metatarsal
one of the five bones of the foot
63
motor end plate
sarcolemma of the muscle fiber that interacts with the neuron
64
myofibril
long cylindrical structures that lie parallel to the muscle fiber
65
myofilament
small structures that make up myofibrils
66
myosin
contractile protein that interacts with actin for muscle contraction
67
opposition
movement of the thumb toward the fingers of the same hand, making it possible to grasp and hold objects
68
osseous tissue
connective tissue that constitutes the endoskeleton
69
ossification
(also, osteogenesis) process of bone formation by osteoblasts
70
osteoblast
bone cell responsible for bone formation
71
osteoclast
responsible for bone remodeling | many nuclei
72
osteocyte
mature bone cells and the main cell in bone tissue
73
osteon
cylindrical structure aligned parallel to the long axis of the bone connected by perpendicular canals
74
patella
the kneecap
75
pectoral girdle
bones that transmit the force generated by the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
76
pelvic girdle
bones that transmit the force generated by the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
77
phalange
one of the bones of the fingers or toes
78
pivot joint
joint with the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone
79
planar joint
joint with bones whose articulating surfaces are flat
80
plantar flexion
bending at the ankle such that the heel is lifted, such as when standing on the toes
81
pronation
palm facing backwards
82
protraction
anterior movement of a bone in the horizontal plane
83
radius
arm bone located along the thumb side of the forearm | articulates with the humerus at the elbow
84
resorption
process by which osteoclasts release minerals stored in bones
85
retraction
movement in which a joint moves back into position after protraction
86
rib
one of 12 pairs of long, curved bones that attach to the thoracic vertebrae and curve toward the front of the body to form the ribcage
87
rotational movement
movement of a bone as it rotates around its own longitudinal axis
88
saddle joint
joint with concave and convex portions that fit together; named because the ends of each bone resemble a saddle
89
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber
90
sarcomere
functional unit of skeletal muscle
91
scapula
flat, triangular bone located at the posterior pectoral girdle
92
sesamoid bone
small, flat bone shaped like a sesame seed; develops inside tendons
93
short bone
bone that has the same width and length, giving it a cube-like shape
94
skeletal muscle tissue
forms skeletal muscles, which attach to bones and control locomotion and any movement that can be consciously controlled
95
skull
bone that supports the structures of the face and protects the brain
96
smooth muscle tissue
occurs in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines, stomach, and urinary bladder, and around passages such as the respiratory tract and blood vessels
97
spongy bone tissue
forms the inner layer of all bones
98
supination
movement of the radius and ulna bones of the forearm so that the palm faces forward
99
sutural bone
small, flat, irregularly shaped bone that forms between the flat bones of the cranium
100
suture
short fiber of connective tissue that holds the skull bones tightly in place; found only in the skull
101
symphysis
hyaline cartilage covers the end of the bone, but the connection between bones occurs through fibrocartilage; symphyses are found at the joints between vertebrae
102
synarthrosis
joint that is immovable
103
synchondrosis
bones joined by hyaline cartilage; synchondroses are found in the epiphyseal plates of growing bones in children
104
syndesmosis
joint in which the bones are connected by a band of connective tissue, allowing for more movement than in a suture
105
synovial joint
only joint that has a space between the adjoining bones
106
tarsal
one of the seven bones of the ankle
107
thick filament
a group of myosin molecules
108
thin filament
two polymers of actin wound together along with tropomyosin and troponin
109
tibia
(also, shinbone) large bone of the leg that is located directly below the knee
110
trabeculae
lamellae that are arranged as rods or plates
111
tropomyosin
acts to block myosin binding sites on actin molecules, preventing cross-bridge formation and preventing contraction until a muscle receives a neuron signal
112
troponin
binds to tropomyosin and helps to position it on the actin molecule, and also binds calcium ions
113
ulna
bone located on the medial aspect (pinky-finger side) of the forearm

GenBio II (14 decks)

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