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GenBio II > Chapter 38: Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 38: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

abduction

A

when a bone moves away from the midline of the body

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2
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

(AChE) enzyme that breaks down ACh into acetyl and choline

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3
Q

actin

A

globular contractile protein that interacts with myosin for muscle contraction

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4
Q

adduction

A

movement of the limbs inward after abduction

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5
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

joint that allows slight movement; includes syndesmoses and symphyses

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6
Q

angular movement

A

produced when the angle between the bones of a joint changes

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7
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

composed of the bones of the upper limbs, which function to grasp and manipulate objects, and the lower limbs, which permit locomotion

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8
Q

appositional growth

A

increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bone tissue at the surface of bones

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9
Q

articulation

A

any place where two bones are joined

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10
Q

auditory ossicle

A

(also, middle ear) transduces sounds from the air into vibrations in the fluid-filled cochlea

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11
Q

axial skeleton

A

forms the central axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage (ribcage)

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12
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

joint with a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone

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13
Q

bone

A

connective tissue that constitutes the endoskeleton

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14
Q

bone remodeling

A

replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

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15
Q

calcification

A

process of deposition of mineral salts in the collagen fiber matrix that crystallizes and hardens the tissue

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16
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

muscle tissue found only in the heart; cardiac contractions pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure

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17
Q

carpals

A

eight bones that comprise the wrist

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18
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

joint in which the bones are connected by cartilage

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19
Q

circumduction

A

movement of a limb in a circular motion

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20
Q

clavicle

A

S-shaped bone that positions the arms laterally

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21
Q

compact bone

A

forms the hard external layer of all bones

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22
Q

condyloid joint

A

oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone

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23
Q

coxal bone

A

hip bone

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24
Q

cranial bone

A

one of eight bones that form the cranial cavity that encloses the brain and serves as an attachment site for the muscles of the head and neck

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25
Q

depression

A

movement downward of a bone, such as after the shoulders are shrugged and the scapulae return to their normal position from an elevated position; opposite of elevation

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26
Q

diaphysis

A

central shaft of bone, contains bone marrow in a marrow cavity

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27
Q

diarthrosis

A

joint that allows for free movement of the joint; found in synovial joints

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28
Q

dorsiflexion

A

bending at the ankle such that the toes are lifted toward the knee

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29
Q

elevation

A

movement of a bone upward, such as when the shoulders are shrugged, lifting the scapulae

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30
Q

endochondral ossification

A

process of bone development from hyaline cartilage

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31
Q

endoskeleton

A

skeleton of living cells that produces a hard, mineralized tissue located within the soft tissue of organisms

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32
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

region between the diaphysis and epiphysis that is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones

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33
Q

epiphysis

A

rounded end of bone, covered with articular cartilage and filled with red bone marrow, which produces blood cells

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34
Q

eversion

A

movement of the sole of the foot outward, away from the midline of the body; opposite of inversion

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35
Q

exoskeleton

A

a secreted cellular product external skeleton that consists of a hard encasement on the surface of an organism

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36
Q

extension

A

movement in which the angle between the bones of a joint increases; opposite of flexion

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37
Q

facial bone

A

one of the 14 bones that form the face; provides cavities for the sense organs (eyes, mouth, and nose) and attachment points for facial muscles

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38
Q

femur

A

(also, thighbone) longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body

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39
Q

fibrous joint

A

joint held together by fibrous connective tissue

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40
Q

fibula

A

(also, calf bone) parallels and articulates with the tibia

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41
Q

flat bone

A

thin and relatively broad bone found where extensive protection of organs is required or where broad surfaces of muscle attachment are required

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42
Q

flexion

A

movement in which the angle between the bones decreases; opposite of extension

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43
Q

forearm

A

extends from the elbow to the wrist and consists of two bones: the ulna and the radius

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44
Q

gomphosis

A

the joint in which the tooth fits into the socket like a peg

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45
Q

Haversian canal

A

contains the bone’s blood vessels and nerve fibers

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46
Q

hinge joint

A

slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the other bone

47
Q

humerus

A

only bone of the arm

48
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

skeleton that consists of aqueous fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment

49
Q

hyoid bone

A

lies below the mandible in the front of the neck

50
Q

hyperextension

A

extension past the regular anatomical position

51
Q

intervertebral disc

A

composed of fibrous cartilage; lies between adjacent vertebrae from the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum

52
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

process of bone development from fibrous membranes

53
Q

inversion

A

soles of the feet moving inward, toward the midline of the body

54
Q

irregular bone

A

bone with complex shapes; examples include vertebrae and hip bones

55
Q

joint

A

point at which two or more bones meet

56
Q

lamella

A

layer of compact tissue that surrounds a central canal called the Haversian canal

57
Q

lateral rotation

A

rotation away from the midline of the body

58
Q

long bone

A

bone that is longer than wide, and has a shaft and two ends

59
Q

lower limb

A

thigh, leg and foot

60
Q

medial rotation

A

rotation toward the midline of the body

61
Q

metacarpals

A

five bones that comprise the palm

62
Q

metatarsal

A

one of the five bones of the foot

63
Q

motor end plate

A

sarcolemma of the muscle fiber that interacts with the neuron

64
Q

myofibril

A

long cylindrical structures that lie parallel to the muscle fiber

65
Q

myofilament

A

small structures that make up myofibrils

66
Q

myosin

A

contractile protein that interacts with actin for muscle contraction

67
Q

opposition

A

movement of the thumb toward the fingers of the same hand, making it possible to grasp and hold objects

68
Q

osseous tissue

A

connective tissue that constitutes the endoskeleton

69
Q

ossification

A

(also, osteogenesis) process of bone formation by osteoblasts

70
Q

osteoblast

A

bone cell responsible for bone formation

71
Q

osteoclast

A

responsible for bone remodeling

many nuclei

72
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cells and the main cell in bone tissue

73
Q

osteon

A

cylindrical structure aligned parallel to the long axis of the bone
connected by perpendicular canals

74
Q

patella

A

the kneecap

75
Q

pectoral girdle

A

bones that transmit the force generated by the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

76
Q

pelvic girdle

A

bones that transmit the force generated by the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

77
Q

phalange

A

one of the bones of the fingers or toes

78
Q

pivot joint

A

joint with the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone

79
Q

planar joint

A

joint with bones whose articulating surfaces are flat

80
Q

plantar flexion

A

bending at the ankle such that the heel is lifted, such as when standing on the toes

81
Q

pronation

A

palm facing backwards

82
Q

protraction

A

anterior movement of a bone in the horizontal plane

83
Q

radius

A

arm bone located along the thumb side of the forearm

articulates with the humerus at the elbow

84
Q

resorption

A

process by which osteoclasts release minerals stored in bones

85
Q

retraction

A

movement in which a joint moves back into position after protraction

86
Q

rib

A

one of 12 pairs of long, curved bones that attach to the thoracic vertebrae and curve toward the front of the body to form the ribcage

87
Q

rotational movement

A

movement of a bone as it rotates around its own longitudinal axis

88
Q

saddle joint

A

joint with concave and convex portions that fit together; named because the ends of each bone resemble a saddle

89
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber

90
Q

sarcomere

A

functional unit of skeletal muscle

91
Q

scapula

A

flat, triangular bone located at the posterior pectoral girdle

92
Q

sesamoid bone

A

small, flat bone shaped like a sesame seed; develops inside tendons

93
Q

short bone

A

bone that has the same width and length, giving it a cube-like shape

94
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

forms skeletal muscles, which attach to bones and control locomotion and any movement that can be consciously controlled

95
Q

skull

A

bone that supports the structures of the face and protects the brain

96
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

occurs in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines, stomach, and urinary bladder, and around passages such as the respiratory tract and blood vessels

97
Q

spongy bone tissue

A

forms the inner layer of all bones

98
Q

supination

A

movement of the radius and ulna bones of the forearm so that the palm faces forward

99
Q

sutural bone

A

small, flat, irregularly shaped bone that forms between the flat bones of the cranium

100
Q

suture

A

short fiber of connective tissue that holds the skull bones tightly in place; found only in the skull

101
Q

symphysis

A

hyaline cartilage covers the end of the bone, but the connection between bones occurs through fibrocartilage; symphyses are found at the joints between vertebrae

102
Q

synarthrosis

A

joint that is immovable

103
Q

synchondrosis

A

bones joined by hyaline cartilage; synchondroses are found in the epiphyseal plates of growing bones in children

104
Q

syndesmosis

A

joint in which the bones are connected by a band of connective tissue, allowing for more movement than in a suture

105
Q

synovial joint

A

only joint that has a space between the adjoining bones

106
Q

tarsal

A

one of the seven bones of the ankle

107
Q

thick filament

A

a group of myosin molecules

108
Q

thin filament

A

two polymers of actin wound together along with tropomyosin and troponin

109
Q

tibia

A

(also, shinbone) large bone of the leg that is located directly below the knee

110
Q

trabeculae

A

lamellae that are arranged as rods or plates

111
Q

tropomyosin

A

acts to block myosin binding sites on actin molecules, preventing cross-bridge formation and preventing contraction until a muscle receives a neuron signal

112
Q

troponin

A

binds to tropomyosin and helps to position it on the actin molecule, and also binds calcium ions

113
Q

ulna

A

bone located on the medial aspect (pinky-finger side) of the forearm

GenBio II (14 decks)

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