Bihmidine section

Question 1

Prokaryote Characteristics

Answer 1

Lack organelles 
Unicellular
Outer cell wall, cytoplasm and flagella/fimbriae
Lacks membrane bound organelles
Can have plasmids

Question 2

Archaea Characteristics

Answer 2

Prokaryotic

Question 3

Eukaryotic Characteristics

Answer 3

Eukaryotic 
Variety of organelles
Contains nucleus
Uni or Multicellular
Includes protists, plants, humans and fungi

Question 4

Homologous structures

Answer 4

Similar physical features that share a common evolutionary past and overlap
Ex. Bat and Birds wings

Question 5

Analogous structures

Answer 5

Do not share evolutionary history
Similar characteristics occur due to environmental constraints
Ex. Bee wings being similar to bat/bird wings

Question 6

Classification Levels in order

Answer 6

King Phillip Came Over For Greens and Spinach

Question 7

Prokaryotic cell structures and functions

Answer 7

No nucleus
Flagellum
Cell wall (B & A different though)

Question 8

4 Modes of Prokaryote Reproduction

Answer 8

Transduction
Conjugation
Binary fission
Transformation

Question 9

Bacterial Metabolism Types

Answer 9

Autotrophic vs Heterotrophic
Facultative
Anaerobes
Aerobes

Question 10

Protist Characteristics

Answer 10

Anything but animals, fungi or plants

Eukaryotic characteristics

Question 11

Modes of Motility in Protists

Answer 11

Flagellum (Euglena)
Cilia (Paramecium)
Pseudopods (Amoeba)

Question 12

Fungi Characteristics (including nutrition)

Answer 12

Have mycelia
Do NOT have chloroplasts or chlorophyll
Heterotrophs
Use enzymes to break down complex molecules to smaller organic compounds

Question 13

Fungi Modes of Reproduction

Answer 13

Asexual: Fragmentation, Budding and Spores
Sexual: Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, Meiosis

Question 14

Fungi Phyla and Characteristics of each

Answer 14

Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
-retained flagella, unicellular and aquatic
Zygomycota (conjugated fungi)
-bread mold, saprobes, few are parasites
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
- club shaped basidia (repro organs), gills
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
- forms ascus, yeast, truffles, rice ferment.
Glomeromycota

Question 15

Ecological Importance of Fungi

Answer 15

Important decomposers
Produce exoenzymes
Important in ecosystems (bracket fungi)
Interactions w other organisms (shelf fungi)

Question 16

Mutalistic Relationship Between Fungi and Plants

Answer 16

Ectomycorrhiza
Endomycorrhiza
Lichens: fungus & photosynthetic organism -support each other sm one wouldn’t survive without the other
Mycelia obtain nutrients, plants fuel metabolism

Question 17

Major Groups of Plant Kingdom and Characteristics

Answer 17

Draw this out

Question 18

Bryophytes and major phyla of them

Answer 18

Nonvascular Seedless Plants 
Lack tracheids
Require water for reproduction
Spends most of lifetime in haploid state!!! Gametophyte is huge, sporophytes are dependent and small
Liverhorts, Hornworts, Mosses

Question 19

4 Gymnosperm groups and Characteristics of Each

Answer 19

Coniferophyta: most diverse, pines, cedars etc.
Cyadophyta: have largest sperm cells, palm tree
Gnetophyta: only w vessels in xylem, WEG
Ginkgophyta: flagellated sperm, dioecious

Question 20

Xylem vs Phloem

Answer 20

Xylem: water, thicker, and dead cells
Phoelm: sugar, thinner, and living cells

Question 21

Monoecious vs Dioecious

Answer 21

Mono: both Male and Female on one strand
Dio: separate plants w organs

Question 22

Different pollination Types and Pollinator examples

Answer 22

Bees, wind etc

Question 23

Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Answer 23

Anthers

Question 24

6 qualities of Life

Answer 24

Grow 
Reproduce
Actively maintain homeostasis 
Acquire/Use Energy
Sense and respond to stimuli
Evolve

Question 25

Shoot system

Answer 25

Above ground Reproductive parts: flowers/fruits Vegetative part: leaves/stems

Question 26

Root system

Answer 26

Usually underground Supports plant Absorbs water and minerals from soil

Question 27

Meristematic tissue

Answer 27

Regions of continuous cell division and growth | Two types: apical and lateral

Question 28

Non-meristematic tissue

Answer 28

Cell regions that are not diving anymore | Permanent tissue

Question 29

3 Types of Permanent Tissue

Answer 29

Dermal: covers and protects plant Vascular: transports water, sugar, minerals Ground: provides support to other tissues

Question 30

Stems

Answer 30

Provide support to plant and sometimes food | MODIFICATIONS: stolons, onion bottom

Question 31

Roots

Answer 31

Anchors plant in place, Absorbs minerals and water, Stores carbs Primary root is first to emerge, lateral roots branch off to side Root hairs: increase surface absorption MODIFICATIONS: carrots, onion hair things at end

Question 32

Leaves

Answer 32

``` Main site of photosynthesis Simple and compound Parallel, net-like and venation Vasc tissue: xylem & phloem MODIFICATIONS: Venus fly trap, onions outside ```

Question 33

Stomata

Answer 33

Regulation of gas exchange

Question 34

Water potential

Answer 34

Measure of potential energy in water Influenced by solute conc, pressure and gravity LOWER outside than inside cell means water moves OUT of cells plant wilts HIGHER outside than inside cell means water moves INTO cells and plant is turgid

Question 35

Aquaporins

Answer 35

Transport proteins that facilitate passage of water through membranes

Question 36

Sources vs sinks

Answer 36

Sources: structures producing sugars ex. Leaves Sinks: where the sugar is delivered Ex. Seeds, roots, bulbs etc

Question 37

Responses to Light

Answer 37

Phototropism: towards light Negative gravitropism: shoot apical tip upward Positive gravitropism: roots pulled downward Thigmotropism: touch