Bihmidine section Flashcards
Prokaryote Characteristics
Lack organelles Unicellular Outer cell wall, cytoplasm and flagella/fimbriae Lacks membrane bound organelles Can have plasmids
Archaea Characteristics
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic Characteristics
Eukaryotic Variety of organelles Contains nucleus Uni or Multicellular Includes protists, plants, humans and fungi
Homologous structures
Similar physical features that share a common evolutionary past and overlap
Ex. Bat and Birds wings
Analogous structures
Do not share evolutionary history
Similar characteristics occur due to environmental constraints
Ex. Bee wings being similar to bat/bird wings
Classification Levels in order
King Phillip Came Over For Greens and Spinach
Prokaryotic cell structures and functions
No nucleus
Flagellum
Cell wall (B & A different though)
4 Modes of Prokaryote Reproduction
Transduction
Conjugation
Binary fission
Transformation
Bacterial Metabolism Types
Autotrophic vs Heterotrophic
Facultative
Anaerobes
Aerobes
Protist Characteristics
Anything but animals, fungi or plants
Eukaryotic characteristics
Modes of Motility in Protists
Flagellum (Euglena)
Cilia (Paramecium)
Pseudopods (Amoeba)
Fungi Characteristics (including nutrition)
Have mycelia
Do NOT have chloroplasts or chlorophyll
Heterotrophs
Use enzymes to break down complex molecules to smaller organic compounds
Fungi Modes of Reproduction
Asexual: Fragmentation, Budding and Spores
Sexual: Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, Meiosis
Fungi Phyla and Characteristics of each
Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
-retained flagella, unicellular and aquatic
Zygomycota (conjugated fungi)
-bread mold, saprobes, few are parasites
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
- club shaped basidia (repro organs), gills
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
- forms ascus, yeast, truffles, rice ferment.
Glomeromycota
Ecological Importance of Fungi
Important decomposers
Produce exoenzymes
Important in ecosystems (bracket fungi)
Interactions w other organisms (shelf fungi)
Mutalistic Relationship Between Fungi and Plants
Ectomycorrhiza
Endomycorrhiza
Lichens: fungus & photosynthetic organism -support each other sm one wouldn’t survive without the other
Mycelia obtain nutrients, plants fuel metabolism
Major Groups of Plant Kingdom and Characteristics
Draw this out
Bryophytes and major phyla of them
Nonvascular Seedless Plants Lack tracheids Require water for reproduction Spends most of lifetime in haploid state!!! Gametophyte is huge, sporophytes are dependent and small Liverhorts, Hornworts, Mosses
4 Gymnosperm groups and Characteristics of Each
Coniferophyta: most diverse, pines, cedars etc.
Cyadophyta: have largest sperm cells, palm tree
Gnetophyta: only w vessels in xylem, WEG
Ginkgophyta: flagellated sperm, dioecious
Xylem vs Phloem
Xylem: water, thicker, and dead cells
Phoelm: sugar, thinner, and living cells
Monoecious vs Dioecious
Mono: both Male and Female on one strand
Dio: separate plants w organs
Different pollination Types and Pollinator examples
Bees, wind etc
Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Anthers
6 qualities of Life
Grow Reproduce Actively maintain homeostasis Acquire/Use Energy Sense and respond to stimuli Evolve
Shoot system
Above ground
Reproductive parts: flowers/fruits
Vegetative part: leaves/stems
Root system
Usually underground
Supports plant
Absorbs water and minerals from soil
Meristematic tissue
Regions of continuous cell division and growth
Two types: apical and lateral
Non-meristematic tissue
Cell regions that are not diving anymore
Permanent tissue
3 Types of Permanent Tissue
Dermal: covers and protects plant
Vascular: transports water, sugar, minerals
Ground: provides support to other tissues
Stems
Provide support to plant and sometimes food
MODIFICATIONS: stolons, onion bottom
Roots
Anchors plant in place, Absorbs minerals and water, Stores carbs
Primary root is first to emerge, lateral roots branch off to side
Root hairs: increase surface absorption
MODIFICATIONS: carrots, onion hair things at end
Leaves
Main site of photosynthesis Simple and compound Parallel, net-like and venation Vasc tissue: xylem & phloem MODIFICATIONS: Venus fly trap, onions outside
Stomata
Regulation of gas exchange
Water potential
Measure of potential energy in water
Influenced by solute conc, pressure and gravity
LOWER outside than inside cell means water moves OUT of cells plant wilts
HIGHER outside than inside cell means water moves INTO cells and plant is turgid
Aquaporins
Transport proteins that facilitate passage of water through membranes
Sources vs sinks
Sources: structures producing sugars
ex. Leaves
Sinks: where the sugar is delivered
Ex. Seeds, roots, bulbs etc
Responses to Light
Phototropism: towards light
Negative gravitropism: shoot apical tip upward
Positive gravitropism: roots pulled downward
Thigmotropism: touch
