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Anatomy BIO-271 > Chapter 4: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

Define “Tissue”?

A

A group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function.

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2
Q

Histology is…

A

The study of tissues

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3
Q

Four main types of tissues are…

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muslce
  • Neural
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4
Q

Epithelial tissues locations

A

These tissues…

  • cover surface of body (think skin)
  • Line various spaces and passageways of the body
    • Lining hollow organs
    • Body cavities
    • Lining of tubes such as blood vessels
  • Used to make glands around the body
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5
Q

General Functions of Epithelial Tissues:

A
  • Form Protective barriers
  • Control permeability
  • Produce specialized secretions
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6
Q

This epithelial tissue type is one layer of flatten cells.

A

Simple Squamous

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7
Q

This tissue type is ONE layer of cells about as tall as they are wide…

A

Simple cubodial epithelium

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8
Q

This simple epithelium is one layer of tall, narrow cells…

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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9
Q

multiple layers of “smaller” cells with upper layers of flattened cells.

A

Stratified Squamous epithelium

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10
Q

two or more layers of cells about as tall as they are wide.

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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11
Q

two or more layers of tall, narrow cells…

A

Stratified Columnar

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12
Q

Function of simple squamous epithelium

A

allows for rapid diffusion, filtration, and secretions in serous membranes

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13
Q

Where are some of the locations/places simple squamous can be found?

A
  • Air sacs in lungs
  • Lining of heart chambers
  • lumen of blood vessels
  • Serous membranes of body cavities

*these are just some of the examples from the book but it’s beneficial to think about what do all of these mentioned tissues have in common?*

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14
Q

Function of simple cubodial?

A

Absorption and secretion

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15
Q

Locations of simple cubodial?

A
  • Kidney tubules
  • Thyroid glad follicles
  • Ducts and secretory regions of most glands
  • Surface of ovary

make a note of what these areas have in common. What do these areas of the body do a lot of??

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16
Q

Structure of Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Lets brain it down…

No cilia = nonciliated

Columnar = “tall”

Simple = means single layer

*additionally these may contain_goblet cells that secret mucin_*

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17
Q

Function of Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

A
  • Absorption
  • Secretion (additionally; secretion of mucin)
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18
Q

Location of Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Lining of most of the digestive tract.

*lining of stomach however; does not contain goblet cells*

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19
Q

Structure of Ciliarted Simple Columnar

A

Single layer of…

  • tall
  • narrow
  • ciliated cells
  • Oval-shaped nucleus that runs lengthwise in the basal region of the cell.
    • Goblet cells may be present
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20
Q

Function of Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Similar to nonciliated, can secrete mucin because they may contain goblet cells
  • Movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by action of cilia
    *
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21
Q

Location of Ciliated Simple Columar Epithelium

A

Lining of uterine tubes and larger bronchioles of repiratory tract.

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22
Q

Structure of Pseudostratified Columnar Epthelium

A
  • Single layer of cells with varyingheights that APPEARS multilayerd
  • ALL cells connect to the basement membrane. (think bottom surface of cells)
    • But not all cells reach the apical surface. (think top surface).

************

Ciliated pseudostratified (contains goblet cells)

Nonciliated pseudostratified (does not have goblet cells of cilia)

don’t confuse pseudostratified with simple. Remember that simple nonciliated can have goblet cells

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23
Q

Location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

Ciliated forms lines most of repiratory tract…

  • Trachea
  • Bonchi
  • Larynx
  • Pharynx
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24
Q

Locations of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Lines epididymis and part of male urethra. (not as abundant in the body as ciliated)

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25
Q

Why is pseudostratified called pseudostratified?

A

B/c at first glance is appears to consist of multiple layers, but it is not actually stratified because all of it’s cells are in contact with the basement membrane.

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26
Q

Describe the structure of Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

A

Multiple layers of cells;

  • Basal cells typically are cubodial or polyhedral whereas apical cells are squamous.
  • More superificial cells are dead and filled with the protein keratin.
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27
Q

Where is Kertainized Stratified Squamous Epithelium found and based on that, what is its function?

A
  • Location:
    • Epidermis of skin
  • Function:
    • Protection of underlying tissue.
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28
Q

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium structure…

A
  • Multiple layers of cells.
    • Basal cells: typically are cubodial or polyhedral
    • Apical (superficial): cells are squamous
    • Surface cells are alive and kept moist.
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29
Q

Function of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium…

A

Protection of underlying tissue.

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30
Q

Location of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Think moist, warm areas of body b/c remember, top layer is alive.

  • lining of vagina
  • orgal cavity
  • part of pharynx
  • esophagus
  • anus
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31
Q

Structure of Stratified Cubodial Epithelium…

A

Two or more layers of cells; cells at the apical surface are cuboidal.

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32
Q

Function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Protection and Secretion

33
Q

Structure of Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Two or more layers of cells with the cells at the apical surface being columnar.

34
Q

Location of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Found in large ducts of most exocrine glands and in some parts of the male urethra.

35
Q

Function of Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Protection and secretion

36
Q

Location of Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Found in some regions of the male urethra and in large ducts of some exocrine glands. rare.

37
Q

Structure of Transitional Epithelium

A

Epithelial appearance varies, depending on whether the tissue is streched or relaxed; shape of cells at apical surface changes; some cells may be binucleated.

38
Q

Function and location of transitional epithelium

A

Distension and relaxation to accommodate urine volume changes in bladder, ureters, and urethra

39
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Exocrine releases secretion via ducts onto the SURFACE of an epithelial tissue. In contrast, endocrine glands secrete into internal fluids such as blood (no ducts used).

40
Q

Three types of exocrine glands are…

A

Serous Gland: watery secretion (sweat)

Mucous Gland: thick, slimy secretion (contains mucin protein)

Mixed Gland: A mixture of both. (saliva).

41
Q

What is unique about goblet cells as opposed to other exocrine glands?

A

Goblet cells are unicellular glands whereas most exocrine glands are multicellular.

42
Q

Main roles of connective tissues?

A
  • Fill internal spaces
  • Support other tissues
  • Transport materials
  • Store lipids
43
Q

Three general categories of connective tissues

A
  • Connective Tissue Proper*
  • Supporting connective tissue
  • Fluid connective tissue
44
Q

Location of connective tissue proper?

A
  • Found all over the body.
45
Q

Types of cells“in” connective tissue proper

A

Fibroblasts

Macrophages

Mast Cells

Leukocytes

46
Q

Types of connective tissue proper protein fibers.

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic
  3. Reticular
47
Q

Two groups of connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Dense Tissues: mostly protein fibers (little ground substance), tough
  2. Loose Tissues: Lots of Ground subtance, “squishy”, pliable, “cushiony”
48
Q

Three types of dense connective tissue proper:

A
  1. Dense Regular: fibers run parallel, mostly collagen protein, tough
  2. Dense irregular: fibers in random, meshwork arragnement
  3. Elastic: made of mostly elastic protein fibers, run parallel
49
Q

Are these dense or loose tissues?

A

Dense. (Dense connective tissue proper

50
Q

Identify this tissue type

A

Regular Dense connective tissue proper

51
Q

Identify this tissue

A

Irregular dense connective tissue proper

52
Q

Identify this tissue type

A

Elastic Dense connective Tissue proper

53
Q

What are the three types of loose connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Areolar Tissue
  2. Adipose Tissue (fat)
  3. Reticular Tissue
54
Q

What are some of the important characteristics of loose connective tissue proper?

A
  • Ground substance is a thick, syrupy, semi-fluid type
  • Loose connective tissue proper acts as the “packing” materials of the body.
55
Q

Identify

A

Loose connective tissue proper (Areolar)

56
Q

Identify

A

Areolar loose connective tissue proper

57
Q

Identify

A

Adipose - Loose connective tissue proper

58
Q

Describe structure and function of adipose tissue

A
  • “marshmallow” looking cells
  • contains mostly adipocytes with very little or no ground substance or protein fibers.

Function: Used as cushioning/packing material around organs; between skin and underlying muscle (subcutaneous layer). Adipose “fat” is also the body’s primary energy storage form.

59
Q

Identify

A

Reticular loose connective tissue proper (also fun fact, the spleen is one of the most dreaded organs for surgeons to work on because its just damn messy)

60
Q

Purpose of reticular loose connective tissue?

A

Used to make the framework of delicate organs, especially those of the lymphatic system.

61
Q

Ground substance of cartilage is called?

A

Gel

62
Q

Cells suspended in cartilage “gel” are called…

A

Chondrocytes

63
Q

What type of tissue is the perichondrium?

A

Dense connective tissue proper

64
Q

3 types of cartilage are?

A
  1. Hylaine
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
65
Q

What type of cartilage is made to withstand large amounts of compressive forces and what is an area of the body this would be found?

A

Fibrocartilage; spine or knee are both places that have to withstand high amounts of compressive forces.

66
Q

What cartilage allows for fluid joint articulations but greatly reduces friction between bones? What is a joint that this would be found in?

A

Hylaine Cartilage; shoulder

67
Q

What cartilage is found in places such as the ear? What is the function of this cartilage?

A

Elastic; provides suport but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

68
Q

identify

A

Fibrocartilage

69
Q

Identify this cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage

70
Q

Identify this cartilage

A

Hyaline

71
Q

What is unique about bones ground substance?

A

It is solid due to the presence of calcium salts.

72
Q

What are the two main fluid connective tissues?

A
  • Blood
  • Lymph
73
Q

Identify

A

Blood

74
Q

A layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissue make up a…?

A

Membrane

75
Q

What type of joint/membrane is shown here?

A

Synovial joint/membrane.

76
Q

What do the epithelial cells in synovial joints secrete?

A

Synovial fluid

77
Q

Serous membranes are found where?

A

Serous membranes line internal body cavities (not open to the outside environment)

78
Q

Mucous membranes line passageways that are closed or open to the outside environment?

A

Mucous membranes line passageways that are open to the outside environment.

Anatomy BIO-271 (22 decks)

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