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Anatomy BIO-271 > Chapter 2: Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

There are two main types of cells. What are they?

A

Somatic and Germ

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2
Q

Somatic cells are used to build…

A

Organs/tissues. Examples include nervous, muscle, bone, gland, blood

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3
Q

Germ cells are used for…

A

making parasit-…. babies…. aka reproduction

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4
Q

The cell’s inside environment and the outside environment are separated by what structure?

A

The cell membrane.

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5
Q

What is the inside of the cell called? The SPECIFIC name for ALL the stuff inside the cell? This structure contains all of the dissolved substances, proteins, waste products, the machinery of cellular function in addition to the cytosol.

A

The cytoplasm.

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6
Q

What is the outside of the cell called?

A

Extracellular fluid.

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7
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A
  • Separation (inside and outside environment)
  • Regulation of what comes in and out
  • Interaction with the environment
  • A site of attachment to other cells and surroundings.
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8
Q

What is the cell membrane primarily composed of?

A

The phospolipid bilayer. contains some cholesterol. (the membrane is flexible/moveable. not stiff)

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9
Q

There are protein structures found in the cell membrane. There are two main types, what are they and what is their “location”?

A
  • Peripherial proteins:
    • These are found in the…. periphery 🤯. This means outer or inner surface, not with all the cool phospolipids but basically right next to them.
  • Integral Proteins
    • ​These are “integrated” into the membrane itself. 🧘🏼
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10
Q

What are the functions of the protein structures?

A
  • Transport
  • Ezymatic activity
  • Receptors for signal transduction (just a fancy way of saying “reading”)
  • Intercellular joining (cells attaching to each other)
  • Cell-cell recognition (Cells saying hello to one another to see if they are cool or not).
  • Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
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11
Q

There are three main ways in which cells move stuff inside and outside of the cell. What are they? (What is this class… physiology??😓)

A
  • Simple Diffusion
  • Passive or active transport
  • bulk transport
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12
Q

Some molecules can simply “slip” through the phospholipid bylayer because of their structure without having to go through the integral proteins for “approval”. 😎. What is this form of import/export called?

A

Simple Diffusion

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13
Q

What is the primary characteristic of PASSIVE transport and some examples of processes… you’ll see some of these processes overlap with active transport, so understand the characteristics of different types of transports…

A
  • Passive transport is the movement of substances across the plasma membrane without energy expenditure from the cell.
    • Simple diffusion
    • Osmosis
    • Facilitated diffusion
    • Bulk filtration
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14
Q

Active Transport processes are what type?

A

The movement of substances from an area of low to high concentration (against their concentration gradient) and thus ATP is used!! Think “A” in active “A” in ATP. Sometimes the used of a transport protein is used as well.

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15
Q

Examples of active transport

A
  • Ion pumps
  • A collection of processes best described as bulk transport.
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16
Q

What is characteristic of Bulk Transport?

A

Having the cell rearrange itrs structure around the object.

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17
Q

What is bulk transport into the cell called?

A

endocytosis

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18
Q

What is bulk transport out of the cell called?

A

Exocytosis

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19
Q

What is the role of a vesicle?

A

this the the membranous “bubble” that holds the item that has either entered, or is making its way out of, the cell.

20
Q

What is the difference between organs and organells?

A

Organelles are tiny structures that perform specific jobs within a single cell (i.e. nucleus, ribsosomes, etc.) whereas an organ is a structure within the body that performs a specific bodily function. See the similarities??

21
Q

What is the nucleus. (Both structure and function)

A
  • A porous organelle that that serves as the “control center” of the cell (sorry mitochondira, not as cool). This is where DNA molecules reside in the form of chromatin.
  • Ribsosomes are made here.
22
Q

What is the surrounding of the nucleus called?

A

Nuclear envelope. (has pores)

23
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nuclei?

A

46 (23 from dad and 23 from mom)

24
Q

What does a gene serve as?

A

A gene is a section of a chromosome that has the code for building ONE protien.

25
Q

What is the total of all our genes called?

A

Genome

26
Q

What is the function and general location of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Location: Typically the endoplasmic reticulum is found next to/surrounding the nucleus.
  • Function: Transport, synthesis, and storage of items such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
27
Q

The Endoplasmic reticulum has “rough looking bumps” on it. What are these?

A

Ribosomes

28
Q

Some types of ER does not have “rough bumps” to it. What is this E.R. called (e.r. = endoplasmic reticulum)

A

A “non-bumpy” e.r. is called a smooth e.r.

29
Q

What is the main difference between the smooth and rough ER in regards to what molecules they primarily “deal” with.

A
  • The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on it. Therefore the rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and protein “folding” into tertiary and quaternary structures.
  • The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved with phopholipid and glycolipid, carbohydrate, steroid, and cholesterol synthesis as well as carbohydrate storage.
30
Q

What organelle does the golgi apparatus look similar too?

A

Well this is, I suppose, subjective but it looks pretty similar to the endoplasmic reticulum if you ask me.

31
Q

Purpose of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • modifies and packages items produced by the ER.
    • packages into vesicles
  • ships/transport items to various places in the cell as needed.
    • out to the membrane for export
    • to other organelles
32
Q

What are the “packages” that are made by the golgi apparatus?

A

vesicles are the membranous bubbles in which “stuff” is packed into within the cell.

33
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

lysosomes serve to digest/break down particular items

34
Q

What is the difference between transport and secretory vesicles?

A
  • Secretory: These contain stuff that the cell will export into the environment.
  • Trnasport vesciles: contain products to be moved around inside cell.
35
Q

The name somewhat gives it away, but what primary function do membrane renewal vesicles serve?

A

Will add new material (phopholipids, proteins, glycoprteins) to the cell membrane.

36
Q

Two important structures found inside a mitochondiria are?

A
  • Cristae: folds in inner membrane.
  • Matrix: fluid environment inside.
37
Q

Function of the mitochondria?

A

Takes energy containing molecules (glucose, fatty acids) and breaks them down to make ATP.

38
Q

Function of Ribosomes?

A

The ribsosomes are used to make proteins from the RNA template in a _process called translation._

39
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A
  1. Free: floating freely in the cytoplasm.
  2. Bound: ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
40
Q

Three main components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
41
Q

Structure of the microfilaments?

A

thin, thread-like protein strands.

42
Q

Structure of intermediate filaments?

A

slightly thicker thread-like strands.

43
Q

Structure of microtubulues?

A

LARGE, hollow, tube-large protein strands

44
Q

Rank the three kinds of protein strands found in the cytoskeleton in decreasing order of size.

A

Microtubules > Intermediate Filaments > Microfilaments

45
Q

Differences between Cilia and microvilli?

A

Microvilli are smaller and immobile primarily for extra surface area.

Cilia on the other hand are larger, mobile and used for interacting with the external environment in various ways.

Anatomy BIO-271 (22 decks)

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