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Anatomy BIO-271 > Chapter 15: brain and brainstem > Flashcards

Chapter 15: brain and brainstem Flashcards

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1
Q

Gray matter consist mostly of?

A

Mostly cell bodies and dedrites

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2
Q

White matter consist mostly of?

A

Axons

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3
Q

A neural pathway is defined as…

A

specific, interconnected sets of nuclei + tracts which connect nervous system to body tissues and organs.

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4
Q

A nerve plexus is defined as…

A

A network of nerves in the PNS.

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5
Q

Ganglion is defined as…

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies within the PNS

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6
Q

A center is defined as…

A

A group of CNS neuron cell bodies with a common function

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7
Q

A center in the CNS that displays discrete anatomic boundaries is…

A

A nucleus

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8
Q

A nerve is known as…

A

An axon bundle extending through the PNS.

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9
Q

Tract

A

A CNS axon bundle in which the axons have similar function and share a common origin and destination.

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10
Q

Funiculus

A

Group of tracts in a specific area of the spinal cord.

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11
Q

Neural Cortex

A

Gray matter on the surface of the cerebrum

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12
Q

Functions such as conscious though processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions are the functions of what part of the brian?

A

Cerebrum

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13
Q

The Thalamus and Hypothalamus constitute the most superior portion of the brainstem known as?

A

Diencephalon

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14
Q

Processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflecive somatic motor responses, maintenance of consciousness are the jobs of which portion of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

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15
Q

The Pons function to…

A

Relay sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus.

Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers.

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16
Q

The most inferior portion of the brainstem which relays sensory information to the thalamus and to other portions of the brainstem and also consist of autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function…

A

Medulla Oblongata

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17
Q

A star like structure composed of tracts connecting two regions of the brain…

A

Peduncle

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18
Q

The three layers of connective tissue which separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium, enclose and protext blood vessels that supply the brain, and contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid are known as…

A

Cranial meninges

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19
Q

The outermost layers of the meninges…

A

Dura matter

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20
Q

The middle layer of the meninges…

A

Arachnoid matter

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21
Q

The innermost layer of the meninges…

A

Pia matter

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22
Q

The dura matter is composed of two layers known as…

A

Outer and inner layers.

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23
Q

Where is CSF found within the meningial layers?

A

Subarachnoid space

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24
Q

Correctly label 1-4 from the picture

A
  1. Dura matter (outer and inner)
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Subarachnoid space
  4. Pia Matter
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25
Q

Gyri (gyrus) are ____ in the cerebrum

A

Folds

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26
Q

space between gyri (gyrus) are known as…

A

sulci (sulcus)

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27
Q

A very deep sulcus is known as a…

A

Fissue

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28
Q

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by the largest white matter tract known as the..

A

Corpus callosum

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29
Q

Identify the large white matter tract which connects the two hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

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30
Q

The feature which divides the frontal and parietal lobes and is where there frontal lobe ends posteriorally…

A

Central sulcus

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31
Q

What are the 5 lobes…

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
  5. Insular
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32
Q

What structure separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?

A

Lateral Sulcus

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33
Q

A mass of nervous tissue immediately anterior to the central sulcus within the frontal lobe is known as the..

A

precentral gyrus

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34
Q

The frontal lobe is primarily concerned with…

A
  • Voluntary motor functions
  • Concentration
  • Verbal communication
  • Decision making
  • planning
  • personality
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35
Q

The parietal lobes terminate posteriorally at the…

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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36
Q

The primary functions of the parietal lobe are…

A

General sensory functions such as evaluation the shape and texture of objects being touched.

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37
Q

The temporal lobe is involved primarily with…

A

hearing and smell along with formation of long term memory.

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38
Q

The occipital lobe forms the posterior regions of each hemisphere and is primarily responsible for…

A
  • Processing incoming visual information
  • Storing visual memories
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39
Q

The insular lobe (“insula”) is located…

A

Deep to the lateral fissure

40
Q

The insula seems to have the primary functions of…

A

interoceptive awareness, emotional responses, empathy, and interpretation of taste

41
Q

Identify 1-4 (lobes) in this photo

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Occipital lobe
  4. Temporal Lobe
42
Q

The region highlighted in green is known as the…

A

Cerebral cortex

43
Q

Identify 1-4 (lobes) in this photo

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Temporal
  3. Parietal
  4. Occipital
44
Q

The wernicke’s area is typicall found…

A

Within the parietal and temporal lobes, usually on the left side of the brain.

45
Q

The main functions of the Wernicke’s area are…

A
  • Understanding spoken and written words
  • Understanding math
  • Works with Broca’s area in frontal lobe to produces spoken and written language.
46
Q

Identify the area’s of the brain 1 & 2

A
  1. Broca’s area
  2. Wernicke’s Area
47
Q

The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus make up the…

A

Corpus Striatum

48
Q

The putamen and globus pallidus make up the…

A

Lentiform nucleus

49
Q

Identify the cerebral nuclei labeled 1-3

A
  1. Caudate Nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus Pallidus
50
Q

Identify 1-4 cerebral nuclei

A
  1. Caudate Nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus Pallidus
  4. Amygdaloid body
51
Q

The name is given to a bundle of axons within the CNS that all have a common origin point and destination point

A

tracts

52
Q

What matter contains what is colloquially known as ______ pathways.

A

Communiation pathways

53
Q

The diencephalon can be divided into the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus with closely atthatching Pineal gland. The two regions indicated here (1 and 2) are…

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thalamus
54
Q

1 and 2 are distinct areas/structures of the diencephalon while 3 and 4 are glands. Identify each.

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary gland
  3. Thalamus
  4. Pineal Gland
55
Q

The area of the brain which “routes” or “relays” the information to the appropriate destination is known as the..

A

Thalamus

56
Q

Identify 1 and 2

A
  1. infundibulum
  2. Pituitary gland
57
Q

The main functions of the hypothalamus are…

A
  1. Control of endocrine functions
  2. Control of the survival “drives” such as hunger, sex, pleasure
  3. Regulation of body temperature
  4. Control of autonomic functions (fear, fight or flight vs. rest, and repose)
  5. Regulation of circadian rhythms
58
Q

Identify the areas of the brainstem indicated with numbers 1-3 in the picture

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
59
Q

Identify 1-4

A
  1. thalamus
  2. midbrain
  3. pons
  4. medualla oblongata
60
Q

Going from 1-4, what are each of the respective brainstem regions each number is associated with. (each time the color changes, that inidicates a new regions

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
  4. Thalamus
61
Q

1-3 are referring to cranial nerves. Identify which is which.

A
  1. CN 2
  2. CN 3
  3. CN 4
62
Q

The cerebral aqueduct, red nucleus and substantia nigra are located in what region of th brainstem?

A

Midbrain

63
Q

Identify numbers 1-3

A
  1. Substantia nigra
  2. Red nucleus
  3. Cerebral aqueduct
64
Q

Numbers 1-4 are associated with cranial nerves. Identify which is which

A
  1. CN 5
  2. CN 6
  3. CN 7
  4. CN 8
65
Q

There are how many ventricles in the brain?

A

4

66
Q

The two lateral ventricles are located in the ____(1)____ and are separated by a thin medial partition called the ______ 2_____.

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Septum Pellucidum
67
Q

Each lateral ventricle communicates (connected) with the third ventricle through an opening known as…

A

interventricular foramen

68
Q

The _______ ______ passed through the midbrain and connects the third ventricle with the tetrahedron - shaped fourth ventricle.

A

cerebral aqueduct

69
Q

Cavities or expansions in the brain that are derived from the lumen of the embryonic neural tube are known as..

A

Ventricles

70
Q

The ventricles are continuous with one another as well as the…

A

Spinal cord

71
Q

The CSF serves three main purposes. Among these are…

A
  1. Buoyancy
  2. Protection
  3. Environmental Stability
72
Q

The forth ventricle merges with the spinal cord via the…

A

central canal

73
Q

The line and colored in space indicate the structure which merges with the spinal cord via the central canal known as the..

A

fourth ventricle

74
Q

The group of cells (nuclei) that control several autonomic functions…

A

Reticular formation

75
Q

The apneustic and pneumotaxic centers of the reticular formation of the pons control…

A

rate and depth of breathing

76
Q

Apart of the medulla oblongata are large folds of gray matter immediately lateral to each pyramid known as inferior olivary nucleus and each form buldges known as…

A

Olive(s)

77
Q

The structure in green is known as….(1)

and the structure in purple is known as… (2)

A
  1. Olive
  2. Pyramid
78
Q

The reticular formation of the medulla control several autonomic functions. Among these are…

A
  • Control of heart (cardiac center)
  • Control of blood vessel diameter (vasomotor center)
  • Nuclei that regular sneezing, coughing, swallowing, gagging, vomiting, and breathing
79
Q

The cochlear nucleus relays what information to the brain?

A

Sound information

80
Q

The inferior olivary nucleus relays what information to what part of the brain?

A

Body position information to the cerebellum

81
Q

1-5 represent what structures?

A
  1. Reticular Formation
  2. Cochlear Nucleus
  3. 4th ventricle
  4. Inferior Olivary Nucleus
  5. Pyramid
82
Q

The brown highlighted region of the brain is the part of the brain which coordinates and “fine tunes” skeletal muscle movements and ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements.

A

Cerebellum

83
Q

Along the midline of the cerebellum is a narrow band of cortex known as the…

A

Vermis

84
Q

The white matter of the cerebellum is called…

A

Arbor vitae

85
Q

It’s distribution pattern resembles the branches of a tree, the indicated structures are white matter located within the cerebellum and are known as..

A

Arbor Vitae

86
Q

Identify cerebellum regions 1-3

A
  1. Left Hemisphere of cerebellum
  2. Right Hemisphere of cerebellum
  3. Vermis
87
Q

The red arrows are indicating which brain structures?

A

Ventricles

88
Q

The top two ventricles, located directly below the corpus callosum, are known as..

A

Lateral ventricles

89
Q

The two red arrows indicate two separate ventricles connected by the structure indicated by the green arrow. The green arrow indicates…

A

Mesencephalic (or cerebral) aqueduct

90
Q

The ventricle that is just underneath the cerebellum is known as…

A

fourth ventricle

91
Q

Identify structures 1-3

A
  1. Lateral Ventricles
  2. Third ventricle
  3. Fourth Ventricle
92
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by what structure in the ventricles?

A

Choroid plexus

93
Q

CSF flows from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle via what pathway?

A

Mesencephalic (or cerebral) aqueduct

94
Q

From what ventricle does CSF flow into the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

Fourth ventricle

95
Q

Excess CSF flows into the arachnoid vili, then drains into the…

A

Dural Venous sinuses

96
Q

What is responsible for ensureing that CSF can be released into the blood without permitting any venous blood to enter the subarachnoid space?

A

Pressure

Anatomy BIO-271 (22 decks)

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