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Biol 230 Anatomy > Chapter 4 Tissue Level > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Tissue Level Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts. Also forms glands.
Allows body to interact with internal and external environment
Is avascular.

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2
Q

Connective tissue

A

Protects and supports the body and its organs. Binds organs together, stores energy reserves, provides immunity

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3
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force. Generates heat.

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4
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Detects changes inside and outside the body. Activates muscular contractions and glandular secretions.

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5
Q

Tight junctions

A

Transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes. Seals off pathways between adjacent cells.
Inhibits passage between cells, prevent organ contents from leaking

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6
Q

Adhering junctions

A

Contain plaque. Attached to membrane proteins and microfilaments. Cadherins join the cells. Forms zones called adhesion belts.
Resists separations during contraction

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7
Q

Desmosomes

A

Contain plaque and cadherins. Attaches to intermediate filament. Prevent separation during contraction. Common among epidermis.

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8
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Do not link adjacent cells. Contains transmembrane glycoproteins called integrins.
Anchors cells to a basement membrane.

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9
Q

Gap junctions

A

Contains proteins called connexins. Form tunnels called connexons which allows passage of small molecules between different cells.
Common in nervous system, GI tract, uterus, heart.

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10
Q

Epithelial tissue cellular arrangements

A

Cells in continuous sheets in either single or multiple layers.
2 general types:
Surface epithelium
Glandular epithelium

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11
Q

Surface epithelium

A

Forms outer covering of skin and some internal organs. Forms inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, respiratory, digestive, urinary, genital systems.

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12
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Makes up secreting portion of glands, such as thyroid, adrenal, sweat, and digestive glands.

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13
Q

Apical surface

A

Faces the body surface, body cavity, lumen, or tubular duct that receives cell secretions.

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14
Q

Epithelial lateral surface

A

Faces adjacent cells on either side. May contain tight junction, adhering junction, desmosomes, or gap junctions.

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15
Q

Epithelial basal surface

A

Surfaces the deepest layer of epithelial cells. Adheres to extracellular materials such as basement membrane.

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16
Q

Basement membrane

A

Commonly consists of the basal lamina and the reticular lamina. Forms a surface for epithelial cells to migrate, restricts passage of larger molecules, participates in filtration.

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17
Q

Basal lamina

A

Closer to and secreted by epithelial cells. Adheres to integrins in hemidesmosomes and attaches epithelial cells to basement membrane.

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18
Q

Reticular lamina

A

Closer to underlying connective tissue. Contains collagen.

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19
Q

2 types of surface epithelial tissues

A

Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium.

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20
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Single layer of cells functioning in secretion or absorption.
Simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar, psuedostratified.

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21
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Appears to have multiple layers of cells. Not all cells reach the apical surface. All cells rest on the basement membrane. May contain cilia or secrete mucus.

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22
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

2 or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues.
Stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar.

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23
Q

Epithelial cell shapes

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

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24
Q

Squamous epithelial cells

A

Thin cells which allow rapid passage of substances through them.

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25
Q

Cuboidal epithelial cells

A

Shaped like cubes or hexagons. May have microvilli. Function in secretion or absorption

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26
Q

Columnar epithelial cells

A

Taller than they are wide. Protect underlying tissues. May have cilia or microvilli. Specialized for secretion and absorption

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27
Q

Transitional epithelial cells

A

Change shape from squamous to cuboidal and back as organs distend and collapse.

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28
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Secretes substances into ducts, onto a surface, or eventually into the blood.

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29
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones into interstitial fluid which diffuses into the blood without flowing through a duct.

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30
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete products into ducts that empty onto an epithelium that covers or lines a surface.
Classified as unicellular or multicellular.

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31
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Single called glands. Goblet cells are most important unicellular glands which secrete mucus directly onto apical surface of a lining epithelium

32
Q

Multicellular glands

A

Composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ. Example includes sweat glands, sebaceous glands, salivary glands.

33
Q

Simple tubular multicellular glands

A

Secretory part is straight and attaches to a single unbranched duct.

34
Q

Simple branched tubular multicellular gland

A

Secretory part is branched and attaches to a single unbranched duct.

35
Q

Simple coiled tubular multicellular gland

A

Coiled and attaches to a single unbranched duct.

36
Q

Simple acinar multicellular gland

A

Secretory portion is rounded, attaches to a single unbranched duct.

37
Q

Simple branched acinar multicellular gland

A

Rounded secretory part branches and attaches to single unbranched duct.

38
Q

Compound tubular multicellular gland

A

Secretory portion is tubular and attached to a branched duct

39
Q

Compound acinar multicellular gland

A

Secretory portion is rounded and attached to a branched duct.

40
Q

Compound tubuloacinar multicellular gland

A

Secretory portion is both tubular and rounded and attached to a branched duct.

41
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Secretions are synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER. Processed, sorted, and packaged by Golgi and then released via exocytosis.

42
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Accumulate secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell. Portion pinches off from rest of cell due to exocytosis. Cell repairs itself and repeats the process.

43
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Accumulate secretory product in cytosol. Cell ruptures as it matures and becomes the secretion.

44
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Consists of protein fibres and ground substance.

45
Q

Connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Plasmocytes
Mast cells
Adipocytes
Leukocytes

46
Q

Ground substance

A

Connective tissue between cells and fibres. Supports cells, binds them together, stores water, provides a medium to exchange substances.

47
Q

Ground substance contents

A

Water, large molecules, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans.

48
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeball.

49
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

Provides support and adhesion in cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels

50
Q

Dermatan sulfate

A

Contained in skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves.

51
Q

Keratan sulfate

A

Present in bone, cartilage, and the cornea.

52
Q

Fibronectin

A

The main adhesion protein of connective tissues.

53
Q

3 main types of fibres in extracellular matrix

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

54
Q

Collagen fibres

A

Very strong. Resist pulling or stretching. Allows for stretching.

55
Q

Elastic fibres

A

Form a fibrous network within connective tissue. Consist of elastin surrounded by fibrillin.
Strong and can be stretched. Returns to original shape.

56
Q

Reticular fibres

A

Consist of collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein. Provide support and strength.

57
Q

2 types of embryonic connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme
Mucoid.

58
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Present primarily in the embryo, developing from fertilization through the first 2 months of pregnancy.

59
Q

Mucoid connective tissue

A

Found in fetus. Develops from 3rd month of pregnancy.

60
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Mature connective tissue. Flexible with viscous ground substance.
Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue.

61
Q

Supporting connective tissue

A

Mature. Includes cartilage and bone. Does not have blood supply.
Contains cells called chondrocytes.

62
Q

Perichondrium

A

Surrounds the surface of most cartilage and contains blood vessels, nerves, and is the source of new cartilage cells.

63
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrous
Elastic

64
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Growth from within the tissue. Chondrocytes divide, produce new matrix, and become pushed away from each other

65
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth at the outer surface of the tissue. Cells at the inner layer of the perichondrium differentiate.

66
Q

Bone tissue

A

Stores calcium, phosphorus, house red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow.
Classified as either spongy or compact.

67
Q

Compact bone

A

Osteon system. Contains bone lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, and osteonic canal.
Lamellae give bone hardness
Lacunae contain osteocytes
Canaliculi provide routes for nutrients
Osteonic canal contain blood vessel

68
Q

Spongy bone

A

Lacks osteons. Consists of bone trabeculae. Spaces between bone trabeculae contain red bone marrow.

69
Q

Blood tissue

A

Liquid connective tissue. Extracellular matrix called plasma.

70
Q

Lymph plasma

A

Lymphatic liquid connective tissue. Similar to blood plasma but contains less proteins.

71
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Mucosa. Lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior. Usually contains tight junctions. Lines lungs, urinary tract, digestive canal, genital tracts

72
Q

Lamina propria

A

Supports mucosa, binding it to underlying structures. Holds blood vessels in place, acts as vascular source for overlying epithelium.

73
Q

Serous membrane

A

Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior. Covers organs within a cavity. Consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium.

74
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Covers surface of the body. Consists of epidermis and dermis.

75
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Line the cavities of partially or freely moving joints. Lacks epithelium. Composed of synoviocytes which secrete synovial fluid.

76
Q

Tissue repair

A

Replacement of work out, damaged, or dead cells. Originate by cell division from the stroma (supporting connective tissue) or the parenchyma (functional part of the tissue).

Biol 230 Anatomy (18 decks)

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