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Biol 230 Anatomy > Chapter 3 Cellular Level > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Cellular Level Flashcards

1
Q

3 main parts of the cell

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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2
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Flexible but sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell

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3
Q

Structure of the plasma membrane

A

Lipid bilayer
Integral proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Peripheral proteins
Glycoproteins

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4
Q

Lipid bilayer components

A

2 back-to-back layers made up of phospholipids (75%), cholesterol (20%), and glycolipids (5%)

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5
Q

Lipid bilayer arrangement

A

Polar phosphate containing head towards ICF and ECF due to being hydrophilic.
2 non-polar fatty acid “tails” arranged together due to being hydrophobic.

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6
Q

Integral proteins

A

Extend into or through the lipid bilayer.

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7
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Not firmly embedded in the membrane.

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8
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends which protrude into the ECF.

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9
Q

Ion channels

A

Integral proteins. Form pores that allow specific ions into or out of the cell.

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10
Q

Carriers

A

Integral proteins. Selectively move polar substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other. Also known as transporters.

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11
Q

Receptors

A

Integral proteins. Serve as cellular recognition sites. Bind a specific molecule known as a ligand.

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12
Q

Integral proteins (enzymes)

A

Some integral proteins are enzymes that catalyze specific reactions inside or outside of the cell

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13
Q

Linkers

A

Integral proteins. Anchor proteins in the plasma membrane to neighbouring cells or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell.

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14
Q

Cell-identity markers

A

Membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids.

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15
Q

Membrane fluidity

A

Allows mobility, structural and mechanical support. enables cell movement, growth, division, secretion. Allows interactions to occur inside the cell.

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16
Q

Membrane permeability

A

Selectively permeable. Highly permeable to nonpolar molecules. Moderately permeable to small, uncharged polar molecules. Impermeable to large, uncharged polar molecules.

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17
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another.

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18
Q

Electrical gradient

A

Difference in electrical charges between two regions. Contributes to membrane potential

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19
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Combined influence of concentration gradient and electrical gradient.

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20
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive. Random mixing of particles in a solution because of the particles kinetic energy.

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21
Q

Factors that affect diffusion

A

Steepness of concentration gradient
Temperature
Mass of diffusing substance
Surface area
Diffusion distance

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22
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer without the help of membrane transport proteins.

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23
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive process in which solutes move down their concentration gradient by the assistance of integral membrane proteins (IE ion channel or carrier)

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24
Q

Channel-mediated diffusion

A

Solute moves down its concentration gradient through a membrane channel

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25
Q

Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Solute moves down its concentration gradient via a transporter

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26
Q

Osmosis

A

Passive. A type of diffusion in which there is net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.

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27
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by the solvent outward.

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28
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Amount of pressure required to to stop osmosis from occurring. (IE applied pressure)

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29
Q

Tonicity

A

Measure of the solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content.

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30
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Any solution in which the cell maintains its normal shape.

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31
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol. Causes water to enter the cell, resulting in swelling and lysis.

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32
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol. Results in water leaving the cell, causing shrinkage, and crenation.

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33
Q

Active transport

A

Uses energy to move some polar or charged solutes across the membrane against their concentration gradient.

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34
Q

Primary active transport

A

Uses ATP to cause a change in the shape of the carrier protein, moving polar or uncharged solute against their concentration gradient (IE sodium-potassium pump)

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35
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Uses the energy stored in the sodium or hydrogen concentration gradient to drive other substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient. Indirectly uses energy obtained from ATP (IE sodium-glucose symporter)

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36
Q

Symporter

A

Secondary active transporter that moves two substances in the same direction

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37
Q

Antiporter

A

Secondary active transport. Moves two substances in opposite directions.

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38
Q

Endocytosis

A

Receptor mediated, endocytosis, or bulk-phase. Active transport. Involves bringing materials into the cell via formation of a vesicle.

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39
Q

Exocytosis

A

Releases materials from the cell. Active process. Uses secretory vesicles fusing with the cell membrane to release substance.

40
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid portion that surrounds organelles. 55% of total volume. 75-90% water.

41
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments that extends through the cytosol.

42
Q

3 types of filaments that contribute to the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments (smallest diameter)
Intermediate filament (medium)
Microtubule (largest diameter)

43
Q

Microfilaments

A

Composed of actin and myosin. Prevalent at edge of cell. Generate movement (muscle contraction, etc) and provide mechanical support (strength and shape) for cell

44
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Found in parts of cell subject to mechanical stress. Help stabilize organelles and help attach cells together.

45
Q

Microtubules

A

Long, unbranched hollow tubes comprised of tubulin. Grow outward from centrosome to periphery of cell. Help determine cell shape, and movement of vesicles, chromosomes, and cilia/flagella

46
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule organizing structure. Consists of a pair of centrioles and the pericentriolar matrix. Plays critical role in cell division.

47
Q

Centriole

A

Cylindrical structure composed of 9 clusters of microtubular triplets arranged in a circular pattern.

48
Q

Pericentriolar matrix

A

Contains hundreds of ring shaped complexes composed of tubulin.

49
Q

Cilia

A

Microtubules are dominant component in cilia. Numerous short, hair-like projections that extend from the surface of the cell.

50
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis. Consists of 2 subunits (small and large subunits). Some attach to the rough ER, others remain as free ribosomes.

51
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Extends from the nuclear membrane. Constitutes more than half the membranous surface of most cells. Contains 2 different types (rough and smooth ER)

52
Q

Rough ER

A

Continuous with the nuclear membrane. Outer surface is studded with ribosomes. Proteins are made and sorted into vesicles here.

53
Q

Smooth ER

A

Extends from rough ER. Does not have ribosomes on the outer surface. Has unique enzymes to synthesize fatty acids and steroids. In the liver, enzymes here release glucose, and detoxify substances.

54
Q

Golgi complex

A

Consists of 3-20 saccules which are often curved. Has entry (cis) face and exit (trans) face. Permits each of these areas to modify, sort, and transport vesicles to different destinations.

55
Q

Lysosome

A

Membrane enclosed vesicle formed from golgi complex. Contains acidic environment. Removes final products of digestion. Helps recycle worn out organelles with autophagy. Can help destroy cell during autolysis.

56
Q

Peroxisome

A

Contain oxidases. Oxidize substances from metabolism as well as toxic substances.

57
Q

Proteasomes

A

Break down and recycle proteins into amino acids. Play a role in negative feedback regarding protein metabolism.

58
Q

Mitochondria

A

Consists of external membrane and internal membrane with mitochondrial cristae. Generates ATP for energy. Plays a role in apoptosis. Self replicate. Has own DNA (37 genes) and some ribosomes.

59
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains nuclear envelope that separates nucleus from the cytoplasm. Contains nucleoli, DNA, and RNA.

60
Q

Nuclear pore

A

Controls movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm. Allows movement of ions. RNA and proteins move across membrane via active transport.

61
Q

Nucleoli

A

Produces ribosomes. Site of synthesis of rRNA.

62
Q

Genes

A

Arranged chromosomes. Human cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent)

63
Q

Chromosome

A

Long molecule of DNA that is cooked together with some proteins.

64
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins.

65
Q

Nucleosome

A

Double stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of eight proteins called histones. String between linker beads is called linker-DNA

66
Q

Chromatin fibre

A

Occurs in non-dividing cell. His tone promotes coiling of nucleosomes into larger diameter chromatin fibre.

67
Q

Chromatids

A

DNA replicating condensed loops, forming a pair of chromatids.

68
Q

Transcription

A

Copying of a specific code of information from DNA to produce a specific molecule of RNA.

69
Q

Translation

A

RNA attaches to a ribosome where the information is translated to make a protein.

70
Q

Base triplet

A

Complementary sequence of 3 nucleotides. Codes for 1 amino acid

71
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA. Directs synthesis of a protein.

72
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA. Joins ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes.

73
Q

tRNA

A

Binds to amino acid and holds it in place on ribosome to incorporate it into a protein.

74
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Catalyzes transcription of DNA.

75
Q

Promoter

A

Nucleotide sequence which is located near the beginning of a gene.

76
Q

Terminator

A

Nucleotide sequence at the end of a gene. Detaches RNA from the DNA.

77
Q

Introns

A

Regions within a gene that do not code for a protein.

78
Q

Exon

A

Regions within a gene that do code for a protein.

79
Q

snRNP

A

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Enzyme that cut out introns and splice together exons on mRNA.

80
Q

Binding sites on large ribosomal subunits

A

Peptidyl (P) site: binds tRNA carrying AA
Aminoacyl (A) site: binds tRNA carrying AA to be transferred to protein.
Exit (E) site: binds tRNA just before it is released from the ribosome

81
Q

Interphase

A

Cell replicates DNA. State of high metabolic activity. Produces additional organelles. Consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.

82
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell is metabolically active, replicates organelles and DNA, replication of centrosomes begins. Last approx 8-10 hours.

83
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication occurs. Lasts approx 8 hours. DNA separates and each old strand is paired with a new strand.

84
Q

G2 phase

A

Cell growth continues. Enzymes and other proteins are synthesized. Replication of centrosomes is completed.

85
Q

Mitotic phase

A

Results in the formation of 2 identical cells. Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

86
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin fibres condense and shorten into chromosomes. Tubulins start to form the mitotic spindle. Football shaped assembly of microtubules attach to the kinetochore

87
Q

Metaphase

A

Microtubules of mitotic spindle align the centromeres of chromatid pairs as the exact centre of mitotic spindle. Formation of metaphase plate.

88
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split, separating the 2 members of each chromatid pair to each pole. Separated chromatids are called chromosomes.

89
Q

Telophase

A

Begins after chromosomal movement stops. Identical sets of chromosomes uncoil. Nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass. Mitotic spindle breaks up.

90
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Begins in late anaphase with the cleavage furrow. Actin microfilaments pull plasma membrane progressively inward.

91
Q

Meiosis

A

Reproductive cell division of gamete cells. Occurs in ovaries and testes. Occurs in 2 stages: meiosis 1 and 2.

92
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Begins once chromosomal replication is complete. Consists of prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1.

93
Q

Meiosis prophase 1

A

2 sister chromatids pair off, called synapsis. Forms 4 chromatids together called tetrad. Can exchange chromosomes.

94
Q

Meiosis metaphase 1

A

Tetrads formed by homologous pairs of chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate.

95
Q

Meiosis anaphase 1

A

Members of each homologous pair of chromosomes are pulled to polar opposites of the cell. Paired chromatids, held by a centromere stays together.

96
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Consists of prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, and telophase 2. Each of the 2 haploid cells from meiosis 1 divides. Net result is 4 haploid gametes genetically different from the original diploid cell.

Biol 230 Anatomy (18 decks)

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