Chapter 1: Level Of Organization Flashcards
6 most important life processes of the human body
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
Chemical level
Atoms and molecules
Cellular level
Molecules combined to form cells. Many different types of cells.
Tissue level
Groups of cells and materials surrounding them working together for perform a function.
Organ level
Structures composed of 2 or more different types of tissues. Have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
System level
Consists of related organs with a common function.
Organism level
Any living individual
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a relatively stable condition in the body’s environment
3 basic components of a feedback system
Receptor (afferent pathway)
Control centre (efferent pathway)
Effector (produces response)
Negative feedback system
Reverses a change in a controlled condition (IE regulation of BP)
Positive feedback system
Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition (IE contractions during labour)
Disorder definition
Abnormality of structure or function
Disease definition
More specific term for illness characterized by recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Symptoms definition
Subjective. Changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.
Signs definition
Objective. Changes that can be observed or measured.
Anatomical position
Subject standing erect, facing observer. Head level forward, lower limbs parallel to each other, feet planted. Upper limbs at the side, palms facing forward.
Prone position
Laying face down
Supine position
Laying face up
Superior definition
Toward the head, or upper part of a structure. Not used in reference to relative position to limbs.
Inferior definition
Away from the head or lower part of the structure. Not used in reference to position within limbs.
Anterior definition
Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior definition
Nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial definition
Nearer to the midline of the body (imaginary line that divides body into equal left and right sides)
Lateral definition
Farther from midline
Intermediate definition
Between two structures
Ipsilateral definition
On the same side of the body as another structure
Contralateral definition
Opposite side of the body from another structure
Proximal definition
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
Distal definition
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origin of a structure
Superficial definition
Toward the surface of the body
Deep definition
Away from the surface of the body
Coronal plane
Separates the body or organ into anterior and posterior aspects.
Sagittal plane
Divides organ into left and right sides.
Defined as median plane or midsagittal plane when equal on right and left sides.
Median plane
Also known as midsagittal plane. Divides body or organ into equal left and right sides.
Paramedian plane
Also known as parasagittal plane. Divides body into unequal left or right sides.
Transverse plane
Divides body or organ into superior and inferior portions.
Also known as cross-sectional or horizontal plane.
Oblique plane
Passes through body or organ at any angle other than a 90 degree angle.
Body cavities
Cranial
Vertebral
Thoracic (pericardial, pleural, and mediastinum)
Abdominopevic (abdominal and pelvic)
Viscera
Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Parts of serous membranes
Parietal (lines the walls of cavities)
Visceral (covers and adheres to the viscera within cavities)
Cranial cavity
Formed by cranial bones. Contains brain
Vertebral cavity
Formed by vertebral column. Contains spinal cord and start of spinal nerves.
Thoracic (pleural) cavity contents
Potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds lungs.
Thoracic (pericardial) cavity contents
Potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
Thoracic (mediastinum) cavity contents
Central portion between the lungs. Extends from sternum to vertebral column from first rib to diaphragm. Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.
Abdominopelvic (abdominal) cavity
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
Abdominopelvic (pelvic) cavity
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, internal organs of reproduction
Abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac
Right lateral, umbilical, left lateral
Right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal
