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Biol 230 Anatomy > Chapter 14: Brain Organization, Protection, And Supply > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Brain Organization, Protection, And Supply Flashcards

1
Q

Telencephalon

A

Develops into the cerebrum and lateral ventricles from the neural tube.

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2
Q

Diencephalon

A

Forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and the third ventricle

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3
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain and aqueduct of the midbrain

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4
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons, cerebellum, and upper part of the 4th ventricle

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5
Q

Myencephalon

A

Medulla and lower part of the 4th ventricle.

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6
Q

4 major parts of the adult brain

A

Brainstem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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7
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Extension of the dura mater that separates the two hemispheres

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8
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Extension of dura mater that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum.

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9
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Dura mater extension that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

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10
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Consists of tight junctions, a thick basement membrane, and processes of astrocytes.
Allows lipid soluble substances and water molecules across.

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11
Q

CSF

A

Protects the brain and spinal cord, Carries O2, glucose, and other chemicals.
Continuously circulates in the subarachnoid space.
80-150ml of fluid.

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12
Q

4 ventricles of the brain

A

2x lateral ventricles (separated by septum pellucidum)
1x third ventricle
1x fourth ventricle.

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13
Q

CSF production

A

Choroid plexus in ventricles.

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14
Q

Blood-CSF barrier

A

Tight junctions between ependymal cells.

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15
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A

Finger like extensions of the arachnoid mater that projects into the dural sinuses to reabsorb CSF into the blood.

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16
Q

Medulla major nuclei

A

Cardiovascular centre
Medullary respiratory centre
Vomiting centre
Deglutition centre
Inferior olivary nucleus
Gustatory nucleus
Cochlear nuclei
Vestibular nuclei

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17
Q

Brainstem components

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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18
Q

5 cranial nerves associated with medulla

A

Vestibulocochlear (CN8)
Glossopharyngeal (CN9)
Vagus (CN10)
Accessory (CN11)
Hypoglossal (CN12)

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19
Q

Inferior olivary nucleus

A

Received input from cerebral cortex, red nucleus of midbrain, and spinal cord.
Provides instructions to cerebellum on adjustments to movements.

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20
Q

Gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus

A

Posterior part of medulla. Received info on touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception.

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21
Q

Pons major structures

A

Pontine nuclei
Pontine respiratory group
Trigeminal (CN5)
Abducens (CN6)
Facial (CN7)
Vestibulocochlear (CN8)

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22
Q

Midbrain major structures

A

Cerebral peduncles
Tectum
Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi
Substantia nigra
Red nuclei
Oculomotor (CN3)
Trochlear (CN4)

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23
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Anterior part of midbrain
Consists of axons of corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts.

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24
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Midbrain. Serves as a visual reflex centre.

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25
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Midbrain. Serves as part of the auditory pathway. Auditory reflex.

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26
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Midbrain. Neurons release dopamine extending to the corpus striatum. Helps control subconscious muscle activities.

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27
Q

Red nuclei

A

Midbrain. Axons from cerebellum and cerebral cortex synapse here. Helps control muscle movements.

28
Q

Reticular formation

A

Extends from superior part of spinal cord, throughout Brainstem, into inferior part of diencephalon.
Contains reticular activating system, responsible for consciousness and muscle tone.

29
Q

Cerebellum lobes

A

Anterior (skeletal muscle movements)
Posterior (skeletal muscle movements)
Flocculonodular (equilibrium and balance)

30
Q

Main functions of cerebellum

A

Evaluate muscle movements
Coordinate skilled muscle movements
Regulate posture and balance

31
Q

7 major groups of nuclei within the thalamus

A

Anterior nucleus
Medial nuclei
Lateral group
Ventral group
Intralaminar nuclei
Periventricular nucleus
Reticular nucleus of prethalamus

32
Q

Thalamus main functions

A

Relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the cerebrum.
Contributes to motor function
Maintenance of consciousness

33
Q

Major nuclei of hypothalamus

A

Mammillary nuclei
Infundibular stalk
Median eminence
Paraventricular nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus
Medial and lateral pre optic nuclei

34
Q

4 major regions of hypothalamus

A

Posterior hypothalamic
Intermediate hypothalamic
Anterior hypothalamic
Preoptic

35
Q

Important functions of the hypothalamus

A

Control of ANS
Production of hormones
Regulation of emotions and behaviour.
Regulation of eating/drinking
Control of body temperature
Regulation of circadian rhythm

36
Q

Epithalamus

A

Contains pineal gland and habenular nuclei

37
Q

Circumventricular organs

A

Lie around 3rd ventricle. Lack BBB. Includes part of hypothalamus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland.

38
Q

Major grooves of cerebral cortex

A

Cerebral gyri
Cerebral sulci
Interlobar sulci
Cerebral fissures

39
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects the hemispheres internally.

40
Q

Cerebral white matter tracts

A

Association tracts
Commissural tracts
Projection tracts.

41
Q

Corpus striatum (basal nuclei)

A

Deep within cerebral hemispheres.
Consists of globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nucleus.
Helps regulate initiation and termination of movements, attention, memory, and planning.

42
Q

Main components of the limbic system

A

Limbic lobe (cingulate gyrus, hippocampus)
Dentate gyrus
Amygdala
Septal nuclei
Mammillary bodies
Olfactory bulbs

43
Q

Main function of limbic system

A

Primary role in emotions including pain, pleasure, docility, affection, anger. Also role in smell and memory.

44
Q

Main sensory areas of cerebral cortex

A

Primary somatosensory
Primary visual
Primary auditory
Gustatory
Olfactory

45
Q

Main motor areas of cerebral cortex

A

Primary motor
Premotor
Brocas
Frontal eye field

46
Q

Main association areas of cerebral cortex

A

Somatosensory association
Visual association
Facial recognition
Auditory association
Orbitofrontal
Wernickes
Common integrative
Prefrontal

47
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Posterior to central cerebral sulcus in parietal lobe.
Contains “sensory homunculus”

48
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Posterior tip of occipital lobe.
Receives visual information and involved in visual perception.

49
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Superior part of temporal lobe.
Receives sound information, involved in sound perception.

50
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Located in insula. Receives taste info, involved in taste perception and discrimination

51
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Located in temporal lobe.
Receives info on smell and involved in smell perception

52
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe.
Contains motor homunculus.

53
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Immediately anterior to primary motor cortex in frontal lobe.
Sends planned movements to motor cortex and involved in memory of movements.

54
Q

Broca’s area

A

Frontal lobe close to lateral sulcus.
Sends info to premotor regions to coordinate muscle movement required for speech.

55
Q

Frontal eye field

A

Partially in and anterior to premotor cortex.
Controls voluntary scanning eye movements.

56
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

Posterior to primary somatosensory cortex.
Involved in touch sensation discrimination and touch memory.

57
Q

Visual association area

A

In occipital lobe.
Related present and past visual experiences, responsible to recognizing and evaluating what is seen.

58
Q

Facial recognition area

A

Inferior temporal lobe. Facial recognition and memory

59
Q

Auditory association area

A

Inferior and posterior to primary auditory cortex.
Allows recognition of sound

60
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

Lateral frontal lobe.
Helps identify and discriminate smells

61
Q

Wernickes area

A

temporal and parietal lobes.
Interprets speech

62
Q

Common integrative area

A

Bordered by somatosensory, visual, and auditory association areas.
Integrates sensory interpretations allowing formation of thoughts

63
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Anterior frontal lobe.
Makes up personality, intellect, complex learning ability, recall of information, initiative, judgement, etc. (higher function)

64
Q

5 motor cranial nerves

A

Oculomotor (CN3)
Trochlear (CN4)
Abducens (CN6)
Accessory (CN11)
Hypoglossal (CN12)

65
Q

3 sensory cranial nerves

A

Olfactory (CN1)
Optic (CN2)
Vestibulocochlear (CN8)

66
Q

4 mixed cranial nerves

A

Trigeminal (CN5)
Facial (CN7)
Glossopharyngeal (CN9)
Vagus (CN10)

Biol 230 Anatomy (18 decks)

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