Chapter 4 terms Flashcards
a futile armed revolt led by Daniel Shays, a Revolutionary War officer, in New England to protest the discontent of small farmers over debts and taxes.
It was never a serious military threat, but it raised concern over the inadequacy of the Articles of Confederation to handle internal disorders and thus helped to create support for a stronger national government.
Shay’s Rebellion
The First Earl of Chatham, known as the Great Commoner for his leadership in the House of Commons. The City of Pittsburgh is named in his honor.
Historians call him “the elder” because his son with the same name was later prime minister.
William Pitt
The deliberate murder of someone, especially of a politically prominent personage, for political motives.
assassination
an ancient Roman who was famous for his devotion to republican government. It was common in the late 18th century for political writers to use a pseudonym of ancient lineage that reflected their political leanings.
Publius
That portion of Article 1 , Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution(sometimes called the elastic clause) that makes it possible for Congress to enact all “necessary and proper”laws to carry out its responsibilities
Necessary and proper clause
the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
Bill of Rights
the extent to which one must answer to higher authority-legal or organizational-for one’s actions in society at large or within one’s particular organizational position.
accountability
Responsibility. A term from poker, refers to the marker put in front of the player who next had to deal.
buck
the short-lived confederation formed by the 11 states that sought to secede from the Union. Those states, in alphabetical order, were Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Lousiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.
Confederate States of America
The 1806-1813 union of the smaller German-speaking states in the Rhine River region.
Confederation of the Rhine
Cost savings realized by doing things in larger rather than smaller units. This decreases the overall average cost.
Economies of scale
a University of Chicago political scientist
Morton Grodzins
Government spending to stimulate an economy during a time of economic decline
pump priming
the English economist who wrote the most influential book on economics of the last century, “The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money” (1936).
John Maynard Keynes
formal arrangements entered into by two or more states, generally with the approval of the U.S. Congress, to operate joint programs.
interstate compacts
the surrender by one nation or state to another of a person accused or convicted of an offense in the second nation or state.
extradition
the label for the 1960’s domestic policies of the Johnson administration, which were premised on the belief that social economic problems could be solved by new federal programs.
This was Johnson’s effort to revive the federal reform presence in social change represented in the Progressive movement, the New Deal, and the Fair Deal.
Great Society
the federal program designed to provide early education opportunities for poor children prior to kindergarten.
head start
the phrase used by the Johnson administration for those 1960s Great Society programs designed to eliminate the causes and effect of poverty in the U.S.
war on poverty
the medical term for a vague feeling of illness that is used in other contexts to express a lassitude or ineffectiveness not traceable to a specific source and not exhibiting a specific set of symptoms.
Malaise
the military forces of the states, which often are used for civil emergencies, such as major fires or floods.
national guard
a former Russian absolute monarch; a nickname for any high-ranking administrator who is given great authority over something.
czar
a national, bipartisan organization created by the U.S. Congress in 1959. It sought to address itself to improve cooperation among the levels of government and the function of the federal system.
Nevertheless, it became a victim of the budget wars in Congress. It was phased out and shut down by the end of 1996.
Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
a legislative proposal formally introduced for consideration; unfinished legislation .
bill
the transporting of children by bus to schools at a greater distance than those the children would otherwise attend to achieve racial desegregation.
busing
the criminal penalty prohibited by the Eight Amendment, which not only bars government from imposing punishment that is barbarous but, as the U.S. Supreme Court has announced, forbids punishment that society’s “evolving standards of decency” would mark as excessive.
Cruel and unusual punishment
the building that has become the symbol of the U.S. Department of Defense
pentagon
the federally aided, state-operated, and state-administrated program that provides medical benefits for certain low-income people in need of health and medical care.
Medicaid
America’s first professional forester, who is credited with coining the term coonservation.
Gifford Pinchot
