Chapter 1 terms

Question 1

The leading authority on the constitutional aspects of public employment. His paradigm of public administration as the intersection of management, politics, and law has become a standard way to analyze and teach the subject.

Answer 1

David H. Rosenbloom

Question 2

the ceremonial head of a government, such as a king, queen, or president. This is in contrast to the chief executive of a government, such as a prime minister, chancellor, or president. The American presidency combines in one office-one person- the roles of chief of state and chief executive.

Answer 2

chief of state

Question 3

a welfare program designed to improve the nutrition of the poor. Administered by the department of agriculture and state and local welfare organizations, the programs provides coupons (stamps) that can be used to pay for food at many grocery stores.

Answer 3

food stamps

Question 4

a worldwide organization that seeks to gain the release of political and religious prisoners by publicizing their plights and by lobbying governments. It has been especially effective in exposing cases of government sanctioned torture. In 1972 the organization was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Answer 4

Amnesty International

Question 5

the preeminent historian of the academic field of public administration

Answer 5

Dwight Waldo

Question 6

The federal agency created by the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 to conduct research on problems of flight and to explore outer space.

Answer 6

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

Question 7

The process of returning to the private sector property (such as public lands) or functions (such as trash collection, fire protection) previously owned or performed by government

Answer 7

privatization

Question 8

putting a government program into effect; the total process of translating a legal mandate into appropriate program directives and structures that provide services or create goods

Answer 8

implementation

Question 9

any individual, group, or organization that seeks to influence legislation or administrative action

Answer 9

lobby

Question 10

a journalist who went beyond being the preeminent political pundit of his time to being a political philosopher who wrote pioneering analyses of public opinion and foreign policy

Answer 10

Walter Lippmann

Question 11

one of the most influential of the pre-World War II scholars of public administration. His Group Representation Before Congress (1929) was one of the pioneering works in the study of pressure groups. His Public Administration and the Public Interest (1936) remains a major analysis of the relations between government agencies and their constituencies

Answer 11

E. Pendelton Herring

Question 12

the British political philosopher and member of parliament who is often referred to as the father of conservative thought

Answer 12

Edmund Burke

Question 13

a story illustrative of the principle that maximization of private gain will not result in the maximization of social benefit. When herdsmen sought to maximize individual gain by adding cattle to the common, it caused overgrazing, with the result that the common could no longer be used for grazing at all. The concepts involved with the tragedy of the commons apply to societal problems.

Answer 13

Tragedy of the Commons

Question 14

The American Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944. It provided low-interest, no down payment home mortgages and education benefits that allowed a whole generation of working class veterans to go to college and advance into the middle class.

Answer 14

GI Bill

Question 15

The National Railroad Passenger Corp., the federally subsidized corporation created in 1970 to operate intercity rail passenger service.

Answer 15

Amtrak

Question 16

a legislative act that deals with the citizenry as a whole; a statute that applies to all. This is in contrast to a private law that affects only one person or group.

Answer 16

public law

Question 17

the presiding officer of a legislative such as a House of Representatives or a House of Commons, elected by its members.

Answer 17

speaker

Question 18

the domestic programs and policies of the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was president from 1933 to 1945

Answer 18

new deal

Question 19

any court’s power to review executive actions, legislative acts, or decisions of lower courts (or quasi-judicial entities, such as arbitration panels) to either confirm or overturn them.

Answer 19

judicial review

Question 20

a governing system in which a legislature freely chosen by the people exercises substantial power on their behalf.

Answer 20

representative government

Question 21

historically, an informal organization that controlled the formal processes of a government through corruption, patronage, intimidation, and service to its constituents.

Answer 21

political machine

Question 22

a local political functionary

Answer 22

ward heeler

Question 23

a political doctrine holding that a government should do little more than provide protection; other than that, it should not interfere- for either good or ill- in the lives of citizens

Answer 23

libertarianism

Question 24

one who believes that reason and logic are the only means to knowledge, that self-interest determines ethics, and that capitalism should prevail in society

Answer 24

objectivist

Question 25

a person who supports outmoded ideas of the past; a derogatory reference to political malcontents who yearn for a previous status quo.

Answer 25

reactionary

Question 26

adherence to a political disposition that prefers the status quo and accepts change only in moderation.

Answer 26

conservatism

Question 27

an inconsistency in the tax laws, intentional or unintentional, that allows the avoidance of some taxes

Answer 27

tax loophole

Question 28

the french journalist who is considered the intellectual father of anarchism

Answer 28

Pierre- Joseph Proudhon

Question 29

George Washington’s aide during the Revolutionary War. A supporter of a strong national government, coauthored the Federalist Papers to help get the Constitution ratified. When Washington became president, he made Hamilton secretary of the treasury

Answer 29

Alexander Hamilton

Question 30

an army’s highest-ranking officer

Answer 30

chief of state

Question 31

specialists who assist line managers in carrying out their duties. Generally, staff units do not have the power of decision, command, or control of operations. Rather they make recommendations (which may or may not be adopted) to executives and line managers

Answer 31

staff

Question 32

a supporting role in Shakespeare’s Hamlet’ Laertes and Hamlet have the big sword fight in the final act

Answer 32

Laertes

Question 33

a french term meaning “nobility obliges”; the notion that the nobles (or those of the upper class) have a special obligation to serve society

Answer 33

noblesse oblige

Question 34

those who staunchly believe that citizens should take care of their own economic needs and not be dependent on government for the necessities of life. Rugged individualists also tend to oppose paternalistic government welfare programs out of concern that the poor will have their character undermined. This philosophy was most associated with Presidents Hoover and Reagan

Answer 34

Rugged Indiviualists

Question 35

before Wilson became president of the United States (1913-1921), he was a professor of history and political Woodrow science who rose to be president of Princeton University (1902-1910) and governor of New Jersey (1911-1913)

Answer 35

Woodrow Wilson

Question 36

while the term has its origins in religious concepts that argued for the infinite improbability of the human condition, by the end of the nineteenth century it had come to refer to a political and cultural movement that focused on reforming industrialized societies to provide for greater democratic participation, and the application of science and specialized knowledge to the improvement of life

Answer 36

Progressive movement

Question 37

the University of Chicago professor who wrote the first public administration text in 1926. He is the author of the standard administrative histories of the U.S. government in the nineteenth century.

Answer 37

Leonard White

Question 38

that area of London between Trafalgar and Parliament Squares in which government buildings have historically (since the time of Henry VIII) been concentrated. Thus it has come to refer to the most senior members of the British civil service.

Answer 38

Whitehall

Question 39

the Moscow citadel where the main offices of the Russian government are located

Answer 39

Kremlin