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Behavioral Principles of Psychology > Chapter 4 - Reinforcement > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Reinforcement Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens when a behavior results in a favorable outcome?

A

That behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future in similar circumstances

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2
Q

Reinforcement is defined as:

A
  1. The occurrence of a particular behavior
  2. Followed by an immediate consequence
  3. That results in the strengthening of the behavior
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3
Q

How can we determine if a behavior is strengthened?

A

There is an increase in frequency, duration, intensity or speed

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4
Q

Operant Behavior

A

A behavior that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement

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5
Q

What does an operant behavior acts on the environment to produce

A

A consequence and, in turn, is controlled by, or occurs again in the future as a result of, it’s immediate consequence

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6
Q

Reinforcer

A

A consequence that strengthens an operant behavior

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7
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A
  1. The occurrence of a behavior
  2. Is followed by the addition of a stimulus (a reinforcer) or an increase in the intensity of a stimulus
  3. Which results in the strengthening of the behavior
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8
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A
  1. The occurrence of a behavior
  2. Is followed by the removal of a stimulus (an aversive stimulus) or a decrease in the intensity of a stimulus
  3. Which results in the strengthening of the behavior
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9
Q

Stimulus

A

An object or event that can be detected by one of the senses, and thus has the potential to influence the person

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10
Q

Positive Reinforcer

A

The stimulus that is presented or that appears after the behavior

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11
Q

Negative Reinforcer

A

The stimulus that is removed or avoided after the behavior

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12
Q

Negative Reinforcement is NOT what?

A

Punishment

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13
Q

Social Reinforcement

A

When a behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through the actions of another person

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14
Q

Automatic Reinforcement

A

When the behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment

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15
Q

Premack Principle

A

The opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior as a consequence for a low-probability behavior to increase the low-probability

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16
Q

Escape Behavior

A

The occurrence of the behavior results in the termination of an aversive stimulus that was already present when the behavior occurred

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17
Q

Avoidance Behavior

A

The occurrence of the behavior prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring

18
Q

Unconditional Reinforcers

A
  • Natural reinforcers
  • They function as reinforcers the first time they are presented to most human beings; no prior experience with these stimuli is needed for them to function as reinforcers
19
Q

Conditioned Reinforcers

A
  • Secondary reinforcer
  • Stimulus that was once neutral but became established as a reinforcer by being paired with an unconditioned reinforcer or an already established conditioned reinforcer
20
Q

What is the most common conditioned reinforcer

A

Money

21
Q

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

A

When a conditioned reinforcer is paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers

22
Q

Immediacy

A

The time between the occurrence of a behavior and the reinforcing consequence is important

23
Q

Contingency

A
  • When the response produces the consequences and the consequence does not occur unless the response occurs first, we say a contingency exists, between the response and the consequence
  • When this exists, the consequence is more likely to reinforce the response
24
Q

Motivating Operations (MO’s)

A
  • An establishing operation (EO): makes a reinforcer more potent
  • An abolishing operation (AO): makes a reinforcer less potent
25
Q

Motivating operations have two effects:

A
  1. They alter the value of a reinforcer

2. They make the behavior that produces that reinforcer more or less likely to occur at that time

26
Q

Deprivation

A

A type of establishing operation that increases the effectiveness of most unconditioned reinforcers and some conditioned reinforcers

27
Q

Satation

A
  • Occurs when a person has recently consumed a large amount of a particular reinforcer or has had substantial exposure to a reinforcing stimulus.
  • these reinforcers are less potent at that time
28
Q

Magnitude

A
  • Effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer is greater if the amount or magnitude of a stimulus is greater
  • Likewise, the termination of a more intense aversive stimulus strengthens
29
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

For a particular behavior specifies whether every response is followed by a reinforcer or whether only some responses are followed by a reinforcer

30
Q

Continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)

A

Each occurrence of a response is reinforced

31
Q

Intermittent reinforcement schedule (IRF)

A

Each occurrence of a response is not reinforced. Rather, responses are occasionally or intermittently reinforced

32
Q

Fixed Ratio (FR) schedule

A

A specific or fixed number of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered

33
Q

Variable Ration (VR) schedule

A

Delivery of a reinforcer is based on the number of responses that occur, but in this case, the number of responses needed for reinforcement varies each time, around an average number.

34
Q

Interval schedules

A

Interval schedules a response is reinforced only if it occurs after an interval of time has passed

35
Q

Fixed Interval (FI)

A
  • the interval of time is fixed, or stays the same each time
36
Q

Variable Interval (VI)

A
  • The reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an interval of time has elapsed
  • Each time interval is a different length
37
Q

Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement

A

All of the schedules of reinforcement that are in effect for a person’s behaviors at one time

38
Q

Concurrent Operants

A

A number of different behaviors or response options are concurrently available for the person

39
Q

Effects of Reinforcement

A
  • Increase in frequency
  • Increase in duration
  • Increase in intensity
  • Increase in quickness (decrease in latency)
40
Q

Sleigman

A
  • Big in positive psychology
  • began with dogs
    • demonstrated aspect of negative reinforcement (kennel and electric current)
41
Q

Factors that influence reinforcement

A
  • immediacy
  • consistency
  • motivating operations
  • individual differences
  • intensity of stimulus
  • concurrent schedule of reinforcement of punishment

Behavioral Principles of Psychology (19 decks)

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