Chapter 15 - Differential Reinforcement Flashcards
______ is a procedure in which reinforcement is used to increase the frequency of a desirable behavior, and extinction is used to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors
DRA (differential reinforcement of alternate behaviors)
Identify two different ways to identify reinforcers to use in a differential reinforcement procedure
Ask Preference and Observe Choices
When using DRA, you will use continuous reinforcement initially and then use _____ to maintain the behavior
Intermittent
______ is procedure in which you provide a reinforcer for the absence of the problem behavior
DRO (differential reinforcement of other behaviors)
What does DRO stand for?
Differential reinforcement of other behaviors
What does DRA stand for?
Differential reinforcement of alternate behaviors
What do you reinforce in a DRL procedure
Low rate of response
A reinforcer is delivered at the end of 30 seconds if the behavior did not occur in the interval. What is this an example of?
Differential reinforcement of other behavior
A reinforcer is delivered if the behavior occurred fewer than 5 times in the class period What is this an example of?
Full Session Differential Reinforcement of low rates of responding
A reinforcer is delivered if the behavior occurred at least 30 seconds after the last instance of behavior What is this an example of?
Space responding DRL
What two behavioral principles are involved in DRA?
Reinforcement and extinction
______ is an appropriate procedure to use when you want to increase the rate of a desirable behavior, the behavior is occurring at least occasionally, and you have access to an effective reinforcer
DRA
In the ____ procedure, when the problem behavior occurs, you do not provide the reinforcer and instead reset the interval for reinforcement
DRO
In _____ DRO, the reinforcer is delivered if the problem behavior was absent for the entire interval
Whole Interval
In ____ DRL, the reinforcer is delivered when fewer than a specified number of responses occur
Full Session
In ____ DRL, the reinforcer is delivered when response occurs a specific amount of time after the previous response
Space Responding
When Nelly raised her hand at least 10 minutes after the last time she raised her hand, her teacher called on her. What is this an example of?
DRL
When Nelly went 10 minutes without talking out in class, her teacher praised her. What is this an example of?
DRO
When Nelly asked her classmate for the scissors instead of grabbing the scissors from her classmate’s hand, her teacher praised her. What is this an example of?
DRA
Which differential reinforcement procedure was used when the staff reinforced Mrs. Williams’ positive talk and ignored her complaining?
DRA
In differential negative reinforcement of alternative behavior (DNRA), what is the reinforcer for the desirable behavior
Escaping the tasks
In an attempt to decrease Jenny’s hair pulling, each time Jenny holds her hands in her lap, her parents praise her. What is this an example of?
DRI
Jenny engages in disruptive behavior in an attempt to get out of doing her homework. In an attempt to decrease Jenny’s disruptive behavior, each time Jenny asks for assistance instead of engaging disruptive behavior, her parents help her with her homework. What is this an example of?
Functional communication training
In the DRO procedure, the reinforcer is contingent on ____?
The absence of the problem behavior
When the baseline rate of the problem is high, the DRO interval will be _____ and when the baseline rate of the problem behavior is low, the DRO interval will be _____
Shorter, longer
In DRO, what do you do each time the problem behavior occurs? _____ and ____
Reinforcer is withheld, reset the interval
Staff provided a reinforcer when Pete went 2 minutes without cursing. What is this an example of?
DRO
Staff provided a reinforcer each time Pete used the word “fudge” instead of a curse word. What is this an example of?
DRA
Staff provided a reinforcer when Pete cursed fewer than two times each evening. What is this an example of?
DRL
Preference Assessment
Try out a variety of differential stimuli and see which ones the person prefers
Reinforcer Assessment
Determine that the item did in fact function as a reinforcer, you would deliver it contingent on a behavior and show that the behavior increased
Single Stimulus Assessment
Each potential reinforcer is presented, one at a time, to see whether the individual approaches the stimulus or not
Paired Stimulus Assessment
Two potential reinforcers are presented to the individual and the researcher records which stimulus the individual approaches
Multiple Stimulus Assessment
An array of potential reinforcers is presented to the individual and the researcher records which potential reinforcer the individual approaches or chooses first
Multiple Stimulus Assessment Without replacement
Another technique to assess reinforcers is to make each potential reinforcer contingent on an operant response. If the frequency or duration of the response increases when a stimulus is contingent on the response, you have demonstrated that the stimulus is a reinforcer
Differential Reinforcement of an incompatible behavior (DRI)
The alternative behavior is physically incompatible with the problem behavior and therefore, the two behaviors cannot occur at the same time
Differential reinforcement of communication (DRC)
- functional communication training
- The individual with the problem behavior learns to make a communication response that is functionally equivalent to the problem behavior. When the communication produces the same reinforcing outcome as the problem behavior, there is no longer any reason for the problem behavior to occur
Differential reinforcement of other behavior
The reinforcer is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior. This means that the reinforcer is no longer delivered after the problem behavior (extinction) but the reinforcer is delivered after an interval of time in which the problem behavior does not occur
Whole-Interval DRO
The problem behavior must be absent for the entire duration of the interval for the reinforcer to be delivered
Momentary DRO
The problem behavior must be absent at the end of the interval for the reinforcer to be delivered
Differential reinforcement of low rates of responding
a reinforcer is delivered contingent on a lower rate of responding during a period of time
In the DRL procedure you ____ reinforce the absence of the behavior, as in the DRO procedure; rather, you ____ a lower rate of the problem behavior
Do not, reinforce
Full-session DRL
Reinforcement is delivered if fewer than a specified number of responses occur in a period of time
Spaced-responding DRL
There must be a specified amount of time between responses for the reinforcer to be delivered. The objective is to pace the behavior
Interval DRL
Involves dividing a session into intervals and providing the reinforcer if no more than one response occurred in each interval
Stereotypic Behavior
Repetitive behavior that does not serve any social function for the person
Self-stimulatory behaviors
They produce some form of sensory stimulation for the person
Interresponse time (IRT)
Time between responses
In ____ DRO the reinforcer was delivered if the problem behavior was absent at the end of the interval
Momentary
