Chapter 3 - Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change

Question 1

What is the primary tool used to document behavior change?

Answer 1

Graphing

Question 2

Graph

Answer 2

A visual representation of the occurrence of a behavior over time

Question 3

What do behavior analysts use graphs for?

Answer 3

• Used to identify the level of behavior before treatment and after treatment begins.
• They can document changes in the behavior during treatment and make decisions about the continued use of the treatment

Question 4

What is indicated on the x-axis? (abscissa)

Answer 4

Unit of time

Question 5

What is indicated on the y-axis? (Ordinate)

Answer 5

Level of the behavior and dimensions

Question 6

Phase Line

Answer 6

A phase line is a vertical line on a graph that indicates a change in treatment

Question 7

Data Points

Answer 7

Are not connected across phase lines

Question 8

Baseline

Answer 8

Label most often given to the no-treatment phase

Question 9

Session or Days

Answer 9

A period in which a target behavior is observed and recorded

Question 10

Research Design

Answer 10

Determine whether the treatment (independent variable) was responsible for the observed change in the target behavior (dependent variable) and to rule out the possibility that extraneous variables caused the behavior to change

Question 11

Independent Variable

Answer 11

Manipulated by researcher to produce a change in the target behavior

Question 12

Dependent Variable

Answer 12

Target behavior

Question 13

Confound Variable

Answer 13

An extraneous variable is any event that the researcher did not plan that may have affected the behavior

Question 14

A functional relationship is established if

Answer 14

1. A target behavior changes when an independent variable is manipulated, while all other variables are held constant
2. The process is replicated or repeated one or more times and the behavior changes each time

Question 15

A-B design

Answer 15

• Where A = baseline and B = treatment
• Design is not repeated which means it does not demonstrate a functional relationship
• Not a true research design
• Rarely used by behavior modification research

Question 16

A-B-A-B Design

Answer 16

• Where A = baseline and B = treatment

- Is a functional relationship because the baseline and treatment is implemented twice

Question 17

What considerations do we need to take into with an A-B-A-B design?

Answer 17

• Is it going to be ethical to remove a treatment?
• You must be fairly certain that the level of the behavior will reverse when treatment is withdrawn
• Can you actually remove the treatment after it’s been implemented

Question 18

Multiple-baseline-across-subjects design

Answer 18

There is a baseline and a treatment place for the same target behavior of two or more subjects

Question 19

Multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design

Answer 19

There is a baseline and treatment phase for two or more behaviors of the same subject

Question 20

Multiple-baseline-across-settings design

Answer 20

There is a baseline and treatment phase for two or more settings in which the same behavior of the same subject is measured

Question 21

Multiple baseline Design may be used:

Answer 21

1. When you are interested in the same target behavior exhibited by multiple subjects
2. When you have targeted more than one behavior of the same subject
3. When you are measuring a subject’s behavior across two or more settings

Question 22

Staggered Treatment

Answer 22

When treatment is implemented at different times

Question 23

Alternating-Treatments Design

Answer 23

• Compare baseline and treatment(s) (2 or more)
• Conditions are alternated rapidly (every other day or session)
• Functional relationship demonstrated when the data are separated between the two conditions (multi-element)

Question 24

Trend

Answer 24

Means the data are increasing or decreasing across a phase

Question 25

Two conditions of ATD

Answer 25

1. Baseline
2. Treatment or two treatments
   - Occur during alternating days or session
   - This is valuable because any extraneous variables would have a similar effect on both conditions, and thus an extraneous variable could not be the cause of any differences between conditions

Question 26

Changing-Criterion Design

Answer 26

• Baseline and treatment phase
• Multiple baseline criteria in the treatment phase
• Functional relationship is demonstrated when the behavior matches the performance criteria

Question 27

Dimensions of Behavior

Answer 27

Frequency, duration, intensity and latency