Chapter 4 - Punctuation and Syllabification

Question 1

θεός, - punctuation

review 1

Answer 1

comma

Question 2

θεός. - punctuation

review 1

Answer 2

period

Question 3

θεός· - punctuation

review 1

Answer 3

semicolon

Question 4

θεός; - punctuation

review 1

Answer 4

question mark

Question 5

ά - accent

review 1

Answer 5

acute accent

voice originally rose a little on accented syllable

Question 6

ὰ - accent

review 1

Answer 6

grave accent

voice originally dropped a little on accented syllable

Question 7

ᾶ - accent

review 1

Answer 7

circumflex accent

voice originally rose and dropped a little on accented syllable

Question 8

ἁ - breathing

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Answer 8

rough breathing

begins with “h” sound

Question 9

ἀ - breathing

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Answer 9

smooth breathing

no “h” sound

Question 10

ϊ - diaeresis

Answer 10

appears on the letters ι and υ to show that a pair of vowel letters is pronounced separately, rather than as a diphthong

Question 11

γ - when is it pronounced as “n”

review 1

Answer 11

γγ - angelos
γκ
γχ
γξ

Question 12

vowels

Answer 12

α alpha
ε epsilon
η eta
ι iota
ο omicron
υ upsilon
ω omega

Question 13

diphthongs

Answer 13

αι as in aisle αἴρω
αυ as sauerkraut αὐτός

ει as in eight εἰ
ευ as in feud εὐθύς or ηὔξανεν.

οι as in oil οἰκία
ου as in soup οὐδέ

ηυ as in feud

υι as in suite υἱός

Some suggest that the pronunciation of ηυ is the same as saying “hey you” if you run the words together.
υι and ηυ are less common than the others.

Question 14

improper diphthongs

Answer 14

ὥρᾳ
γραφῇ
λόγῳ
An improper diphthong is made up of a vowel and an iota subscript. An iota subscript is a small iota written under the vowels α, η, or wω (ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ) and normally is the last letter in a word. This iota has no effect on the pronunciation but is essential for translation, so pay close attention to it.

Question 15

syllable rule 1:
There is one vowel (or diphthong) per syllable.

ἀ κη κό α μεν
μαρ τυ ροῦ μεν

Therefore, there are as many syllables as there are vowels/diphthongs.

Answer 15

syllable rule 1:
There is one vowel (or diphthong) per syllable.

ἀ κη κό α μεν
μαρ τυ ροῦ μεν

Therefore, there are as many syllables as there are vowels/diphthongs.

Question 16

syllable rule 2:
A single consonant by itself (not a cluster [A consonant cluster is two or more consonants in a row.]) goes with the following vowel.

ἑ ω ρά κα μεν
ἐ θε α σά με θα

If the consonant is the final letter in the word, it will go with the preceding vowel.

Answer 16

syllable rule 2:
A single consonant by itself (not a cluster [A consonant cluster is two or more consonants in a row.]) goes with the following vowel.

ἑ ω ρά κα μεν
ἐ θε α σά με θα

If the consonant is the final letter in the word, it will go with the preceding vowel.

Question 17

syllable rule 3:
Two consecutive vowels that do not form a diphthong are divided.

ἐ θε α σά με θα

Answer 17

syllable rule 3:
Two consecutive vowels that do not form a diphthong are divided.

ἐ θε α σά με θα

Question 18

syllable rule 4:
A consonant cluster that can not be pronounced together is divided, and the first consonant goes with the preceding vowel. [One way to check whether a consonant cluster can be pronounced together is to see whether those consonants ever begin a word. For example, you know that the cluster στ can be pronounced together because there is a word σταυρόω. Although the lexicon may not show all the possible clusters, it will show you many of them.]

ἔμ προ σθεν
ἀρ χῆς

Answer 18

syllable rule 4:
A consonant cluster that can not be pronounced together is divided, and the first consonant goes with the preceding vowel. [One way to check whether a consonant cluster can be pronounced together is to see whether those consonants ever begin a word. For example, you know that the cluster στ can be pronounced together because there is a word σταυρόω. Although the lexicon may not show all the possible clusters, it will show you many of them.]

ἔμ προ σθεν
ἀρ χῆς

Question 19

syllable rule 5:
A consonant cluster that can be pronounced together goes with the following vowel.

Χρι στός
γρα φή

This includes a consonant cluster formed with μ or ν.

ἔ θνε σιν
πνεῦ μα

Answer 19

syllable rule 5:
A consonant cluster that can be pronounced together goes with the following vowel.

Χρι στός
γρα φή

This includes a consonant cluster formed with μ or ν.

ἔ θνε σιν
πνεῦ μα

Question 20

syllable rule 6:
Double consonants are divided. [ A “double consonant” is when the same consonant occurs twice in a row.]

ἀ παγ γέλ λο μεν
παρ ρη σί α

Answer 20

syllable rule 6:
Double consonants are divided. [ A “double consonant” is when the same consonant occurs twice in a row.]

ἀ παγ γέλ λο μεν
παρ ρη σί α

Question 21

syllable rule 7:
Compound words are divided where joined. [ Compound words are words made up of two distinct words. Of course, right now you cannot tell what is a compound word because you do not know any of the words.]

ἀντι χριστός
ἐκ βάλλω

Answer 21

syllable rule 7:
Compound words are divided where joined. [ Compound words are words made up of two distinct words. Of course, right now you cannot tell what is a compound word because you do not know any of the words.]

ἀντι χριστός
ἐκ βάλλω

Question 22

apostrophe

review 1

Answer 22

ἀπὸ ἐμοῦ becomes ἀπ᾽ ἐμοῦ

preposition ends with a vowel and the next word begins with a vowel, the final vowel of the first word drops out

Question 23

If the ultima of a word is short,

Answer 23

1) Antepenult = Acute
2) short penult = acute
3) Long penult = circumflex
4) Short ultima = grave or acute

Question 24

Possible accents when the ultima is long.

Answer 24

1) The antepenult cannot be accented
2) the stress must be either on the ultima or on the penult
3) If the penult is accented, it must be acute
4) A an acute or circumflex can be on the ultima

Question 25

Long vowls and diphthongs

Answer 25

All diphthongs (except αι / οι when at end of word)
Always: η,ω
Sometimes: α, ι, υ