Chapter 30 Flashcards
Characteristics of perfect participle
formed from one of the perfect tense stems (active and middle/passive) and indicates a completed action with results continuing into the present (of the speaker, not reader)
General suggestion for translating perfect participle
‘after’ and past perfect form of verb (e.g. after having eaten) - ‘after’ is optional
Is the vocalic reduplication from the perfect form of verb retained in the perfect participle
yes
Why does the vocalic reduplication of the perfect remain when forming participles but not the augment of the aorist
a participle does not indicate past like the augment does and is therefore not needed, but vocalic reduplication is not the same thing and does not indicate past
If a verb has a first perfect indicative, what perfect stem is used in the formation of the perfect participle
the first perfect stem
Chart: First perfect active participle
reduplication + perfect tense stem + tense formative (k) + participle morpheme + case endings
What is the active participle morpheme for masculine and neuter of perfect participle
ot
What is the active participle morpheme for feminine of perfect participle
uia
Chart: First perfect middle/passive participle
reduplication + perfect tense stem + participle morpheme + case endings
What is the middle/passive participle morpheme
mevo/n
Is there a tense formative or connecting vowel in the formation of a first perfect middle/passive participle
no
What is the grammatical definition of an absolute construction
one that has no grammatical relationship to the rest of the sentence
What is a primary example of an absolute construction in greek
the genitive absolute
What is a genitive absolute
a noun or pronoun and a participle in the genitive that are not grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence
What is another way to describe a genitive absolute
there is no word elsewhere in the sentence that the participial phrase modifies
T or F: The genitive absolute participle is always anarthrous
true
T or F: majority of genitive absolutes use present participle, and many are some combination of autou and participle of lalew or leyw, or the participle yinomai
true
Helpful hint #1:
notice how autou functions as the subject of the participle
True or false; genitive absolute is used when the noun or pronoun doing the actoin of the participle is different from subject of the sentence
true
Helpful hint #2:
it is possible for the participle to have modifiers, such as direct object, adverb, etc
Helpful hint #3:
genitive absolute tends to occur at the beginning of a sentence in narrative material
Can you translate the genitive absolute word for word?
no - it is idiomatic
How to translate genitive absolute?
see what it says in Greek and then say same basic thing in English. Try to emphasize aspect of the participle
T or F: Most genitive absolutes in the NT are temporal, and you will translate the genitive absolute as a temporal clause
true
What word can be used in genitive absolute translation if the participle is present
while
What word can be used in genitive absolute translation if the participle is aorist
after
T or F: If there is a subject of the genitive, use it in translation of genitive absolute and perhaps the finite form of the verb
true
What is one basic difference between English and Greek
Greek uses tense formatives instead of helping verbs like in English
Characteristics of a periphrastic construction
consists of a form of eimi and a participle that are used instead of a finite verbal form
Present Periphrastic Tense
present of eimi + present participle
Imperfect Periphrastic Tense
imperfect of eimi + present participle
Future Periphrastic Tense
future of eimi + present participle
Perfect Periphrastic Tense
present of eimi + perfect participle
Pluperfect Periphrastic Tense
imperfect of eimi + perfect participle
Future Perfect Periphrastic Tense
future of eimi + perfect participle
Way to translate present adverbial participles
while and because
Way to translate aorist adverbial participle
after
3 alternate ways to translate adverbial participle
instrumental participle, concessive participle, regular verb
What does instrumental participle mean
they indicate the means by which an action occurred
What key word can be used when translating instrumental participle
by
What does concessive participle mean
they state a concessive idea
What key word can be used when translating concessive participles
though
What does it mean for an adverbial to be translated as a regular verb
in certain constructions where a participle accompanies a verb, the participle is best translated as a finite verb
T or F: Some translations omit the participle when it is in the form of a regular verb
true (NIV says ‘Jesus answered’ instead of ‘But he answered and said’)
Summary of the greek participle
it is a verbal adjective. Can function adverbially or adjectivally (attributive, substantive)
Summary of the participle used adverbially
its form will agree with the noun or pronoun that is doing the action of the participle, normally the subject of the verb. It is always anarthrous
Summary of the participle translated as a temporal clause
use ‘while’ or ‘after’ but can lso use key words ‘because’ by’, ‘though’, or can be translated as a finite verb
Summary of the participle used attributively
agrees with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender, just like any adjective. It is usually articular
Summary of the participle used substantivally
its case is determined by its function in the sentence. Its number and gender are determined by the word it refers to, just like a substantival adjective. You will most likely add words in translation based on natural gender.
T or F: Because participle does not indicate absolute time, the aorist participle is not unaugmented.
true
T or F: The perfect participle loses its vocalic reduplication.
false - it keeps it
