Chapter 25 Flashcards
True or False: English has a counterpart to the Greek perfect
False
True or False: English past tense indicates something happened in the past, whether continuous or undefined, but does not say whether it was completed
True
What do helping verbs ‘have/has’ mean?
The action described was done in (recent) past and the statement is accurate up to now
What English form is close to Greek perfect?
English present tense
Why is English present close to Greek perfect?
it can describe an action with current consequences (i.e. It is written)
What does the Greek perfect describe?
an action that was brought to completion and whose effects are felt in the present
What is an example of a statement in Greek aorist (event that happened in past)?
Jesus died
What does saying Jesus has died make you think? (close to Greek perfect form)
that the verse continues with present significance in past action (i.e Jesus has died for my sins)
What are two possibilities for translating Greek perfect?
1 - helping verb has/have, 2- use English present tense when the current implications of action of the verb are emphasized by the context (i.e. repent for the Kingdom of God is near)
Chart: Perfect
reduplication + perfect active tense stem + tense formative (ka) + primary active personal endings
True or False: Perfect active is a primary tense and uses primary endings
True
What makes the stem similar to the aorist?
the alpha in the tense formative
Perfect active 3rd plural tense formative can also be what
kav - this resembles first aorist. There are 31 perfect active 3P in New Testament, this alternate form occurs 9 times
Chart: Perfect Middle/Passive
reduplication + perfect middle/passive tense stem + primary middle/passive personal endings
Is there a tense formative and connecting vowel in perfect middle/passive personal endings?
no
True or False: Middle and passive are identical in perfect like they are in the present
true
Perfect middle/passive English form
have been
Perfect active English form
has
What is the most notable difference in form between perfect and other tense?
reduplication
3 basic guidelines for reduplciation:
1 - consonantal reduplication, 2 - vocalic reduplication, 3 - compound verb
consonantal reduplication
if a verb begins with a simple consonant, that consonant is reduplicated and the two consonants are separated by an epsilon
Certain consonants will change in reduplication. Which ones and what do they change to?
pheta to pi, theta to tau, and chi to kappa
What does the stop shift from in reduplication?
the aspirate to voiceless form
vocalic reduplication
if a verb begins with a vowel or diphthong, the vowel is lengthened
what is the vocalic reduplication identical in form to?
augment in imperfect and aorist
Is it common for a diphthong to reduplicate?
no
What happens if a verb begins with two consonants when forming the Greek perfect?
it will usually undergo vocalic and not consonantal reduplication
compound verb
reduplicates the verbal part of a compound verb
What is the compound verb in the Greek perfect similar to?
the imperfect and aorist augmenting the verbal part of a compound
What number tense form in the lexicon is the Greek perfect active?
4th tense form
What number tense form in the lexicon is the Greek middle/passive?
5th tense form
What can a perfect tense stem be identical to?
the present tense stem, and sometimes the perfect tense stem undergoes a change such as a change in stem vowel
What is the tense formative for perfect active?
ka
What is the tense formative for perfect passive?
none
What is the connecting vowel in perfect?
none
What is a good clue for recognizing perfect middle/passive?
no tense formative and no connecting vowel
What type of personal endings does the Greek perfect active use?
primary personal endings (since there is no augment)
The alpha in the present perfect tense formative (ka) can look like what
the first aorist. remember the first aorist is a secondary tense
True of False: Because there is no connecting vowel in perfect middle/passive the final stem consonant is often changed after coming into direct contact with the personal ending
True
Can the consonant immediately preceding the personal ending in Greek perfect active be altered?
yes
What happens to contract verbs in both active and middle/passive?
the contract vowel lengthens
Are there second perfects?
yes, but not enough in the New Testament to focus on
What is the second perfect active tense formative?
alpha
Is there a second perfect in the middle/passive?
no. since there is no tense formative
Who does the action of the verb if the adverb is active?
the subject
What happens if the adverb is passive?
the subject receives the action of the verb
General definition of the middle voice
the action of a verb in the middle voice in some way affects the subject. it is like self-interest nuance of the middle
What is an indirect middle?
subject does action of the verb to the direct object, but the participation of the subject is emphasized (i.e. Peter took water and washed his hands)
True or False: Just because a verb is in the middle does not mean the self-interest nuance is present
true
Is it possible that other verbs will have self-interest nuance in specific contexts?
yes
True or False: Some words we learn as deponent (because there is no active form) are actually indirect middles
true
What does reflexive (direct) middle mean?
subject does action of verb and also receives action
What must occur in Koine Greek if the subject of the verb performs the action to itself?
it must use reflexive pronoun eautou (this then becomes a redundant middle)
What is this sentence an example of: So you also must consider yourselves dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus?
the reflexive (direct) middle
3 possible forms of middle voice
1 - indirect middle, 2 - reflexive (direct) middle 3 - deponent middle
Which form of the middle is the majority in of cases?
deponent middle - either the verb is deponent or the meaning is active to the English mind
When parsing, if you can tell it is a middle (future, aorist) then what can you say it is
a middle
When parsing, if the middle is deponent then what can you say it is
deponent and not middle (or middle deponent)
What is the only way to know if a verb is deponent in the middle?
memorize it
