Chapter 4: Developmental psych throughout lifespan Flashcards
1
Q
developmental psychology
A
- theories encompass the study of human growth and development
- developmental theories are generalizations, tendencies, and guidelines, not strict rules. Individuals grow and develop at their own pace.
2
Q
developmental psychologists
A
- Sigmund Freud
- Erik Erikson
- Jean Piaget
- Lawrence Kohlberg
- Karen Horney
- Ivan Pavlov
- B.F. Skinner
- Abraham Maslow
- Carl Rogers
- Carl Jung
- Carol Gilligan
3
Q
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
A
- psychoanalyst
- first theorist to determine a theory and treatment method; because he is the first, all others compare either positively or negatively with him
- theories considered controversial in today’s world
4
Q
tenets of Freud’s theories
A
- personality is complete by age 12
- behaviors displayed in ineffective personality development are unconscious
- psychosexual in nature (pertains to the child’s relationship to the parent and that it is psychosexual in nature)
5
Q
three parts to the personality
A
id
ego
superego
6
Q
id
A
gratification of self
7
Q
ego
A
balances the id
serves as an unconscious “wait a minute” function
8
Q
superego
A
the “conscience” or right/wrong; good/bad values arise here in Freud’s theory
9
Q
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
A
- psychoanalyst
- added an emotional component to Freud’s theory
- understood that each individual was different in his/her development
- identified his stages by ‘tasks’ and “stages”.
- tasks are always identified by stating opposites: trust vs mistrust - to indicate emotional fluctuation in people
- stages are grouped in specific age range
10
Q
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
A
- Swiss psychologist
- cognitive theorist
11
Q
cognitive
A
one’s ability to reason, make judgments, and learn
12
Q
Jean Piaget believed…
A
- development is related to experiential age more than cognitive age
- intelligence consists of coping w/ the environment
- people must complete one stage of development before moving to the next
13
Q
lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)
A
- follower/believer of Piaget
- added “moral” component: published in 1958 as his doctoral thesis
- believed very young people have the ability to judge right/wrong
- very interested in how people arrive at their moral decisions
- controversial: criticized by some as sexist and culturally insensitive
14
Q
Karen Horney (1885-1952)
A
- psychoanalyst
- one of very few women theorists
- followed Freud’s teachings except believed that abnormal or mental illness was related to ineffective mother-child bonding
15
Q
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) and B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
A
- behavioral theorists
- worked on “conditioning” or manipulating behaviors
- behavior modification is a result of their work
- B.F. Skinner = “operant conditioning”
- took a behavior and “operated” on it by changing the variables or conditions surrounding the behavior
16
Q
three parts to operant conditioning are
A
response
stimulus
reinforcer
17
Q
response
A
the behavior that is to be studied
18
Q
stimulus
A
event that immediately precedes or follows the response
19
Q
reinforcer
A
the variable that will cause the behavior to repeat. may be seen as a “reward” and has to be meaningful
20
Q
Abraham maslow (1908-1970)
A
- person centered, client centered, or humanist theorst: believed individuals should be “prized and loved”
- nursing strongly rooted in maslow’s theory
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
21
Q
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A
- needs (food, water, shelter)
- safety (people need to feel safe and free of fear)
- love and belonging (need for feeling appreciated, loved, and part of a group; loneliness considered to be a major cause of depression
- esteem (being respected by others and by self)
- self actualization (willing to take risks and work toward one’s individual potential)
- hierarchy of needs assist the nurse in selecting priorities in nursing care
22
Q
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
A
- also person centered/humanist psychologist
- believed in “unconditional positive regard’
- nursing also strongly rooted in Rogerian theory
23
Q
Rogers’s eight steps
A
- empathy
- respect
- genuineness
- concreteness
- confrontation
- self disclosure
- immediacy of relationships
- self exploration
24
Q
empathy
A
walk in another’s shoes —> NOT sympathy
25
respect
care for client as whole person
26
genuineness
be a since, "authentic" role model
27
concreteness
identify patient's feelings by careful listening
28
confrontation
discuss discrepancies in behavior
29
sel disclosure
nurse shares self as appropriate to situation
30
immediacy of relationships
selective sharing of feelings
31
self exploration
the more we explore ourselves, the greater the coping/adapting
32
Carl Jung
- Swiss psychologist
- believed in the effects of the unconscious mind
- believed that men and women were different from each other; however both have traces of each other's hormones (females have some testosterone)
33
Elisabeth Kubler Ross
- leader in the study of the process of death and dying
- died August 2004 at age 78
- came up with five stages of death and dying
34
5 stages of death and dying
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
35
