Chapter 4: Developmental psych throughout lifespan

Question 1

developmental psychology

Answer 1

• theories encompass the study of human growth and development
• developmental theories are generalizations, tendencies, and guidelines, not strict rules. Individuals grow and develop at their own pace.

Question 2

developmental psychologists

Answer 2

• Sigmund Freud
• Erik Erikson
• Jean Piaget
• Lawrence Kohlberg
• Karen Horney
• Ivan Pavlov
• B.F. Skinner
• Abraham Maslow
• Carl Rogers
• Carl Jung
• Carol Gilligan

Question 3

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Answer 3

• psychoanalyst
• first theorist to determine a theory and treatment method; because he is the first, all others compare either positively or negatively with him
• theories considered controversial in today’s world

Question 4

tenets of Freud’s theories

Answer 4

• personality is complete by age 12
• behaviors displayed in ineffective personality development are unconscious
• psychosexual in nature (pertains to the child’s relationship to the parent and that it is psychosexual in nature)

Question 5

three parts to the personality

Answer 5

id
ego
superego

Question 6

id

Answer 6

gratification of self

Question 7

ego

Answer 7

balances the id
serves as an unconscious “wait a minute” function

Question 8

superego

Answer 8

the “conscience” or right/wrong; good/bad values arise here in Freud’s theory

Question 9

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

Answer 9

• psychoanalyst
• added an emotional component to Freud’s theory
• understood that each individual was different in his/her development
• identified his stages by ‘tasks’ and “stages”.
• tasks are always identified by stating opposites: trust vs mistrust - to indicate emotional fluctuation in people
• stages are grouped in specific age range

Question 10

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

Answer 10

• Swiss psychologist
• cognitive theorist

Question 11

cognitive

Answer 11

one’s ability to reason, make judgments, and learn

Question 12

Jean Piaget believed…

Answer 12

• development is related to experiential age more than cognitive age
• intelligence consists of coping w/ the environment
• people must complete one stage of development before moving to the next

Question 13

lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)

Answer 13

• follower/believer of Piaget
• added “moral” component: published in 1958 as his doctoral thesis
• believed very young people have the ability to judge right/wrong
• very interested in how people arrive at their moral decisions
• controversial: criticized by some as sexist and culturally insensitive

Question 14

Karen Horney (1885-1952)

Answer 14

• psychoanalyst
• one of very few women theorists
• followed Freud’s teachings except believed that abnormal or mental illness was related to ineffective mother-child bonding

Question 15

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) and B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Answer 15

• behavioral theorists
• worked on “conditioning” or manipulating behaviors
• behavior modification is a result of their work
• B.F. Skinner = “operant conditioning”
• took a behavior and “operated” on it by changing the variables or conditions surrounding the behavior

Question 16

three parts to operant conditioning are

Answer 16

response
stimulus
reinforcer

Question 17

response

Answer 17

the behavior that is to be studied

Question 18

stimulus

Answer 18

event that immediately precedes or follows the response

Question 19

reinforcer

Answer 19

the variable that will cause the behavior to repeat. may be seen as a “reward” and has to be meaningful

Question 20

Abraham maslow (1908-1970)

Answer 20

• person centered, client centered, or humanist theorst: believed individuals should be “prized and loved”
• nursing strongly rooted in maslow’s theory
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 21

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 21

• needs (food, water, shelter)
• safety (people need to feel safe and free of fear)
• love and belonging (need for feeling appreciated, loved, and part of a group; loneliness considered to be a major cause of depression
• esteem (being respected by others and by self)
• self actualization (willing to take risks and work toward one’s individual potential)
• hierarchy of needs assist the nurse in selecting priorities in nursing care

Question 22

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

Answer 22

• also person centered/humanist psychologist
• believed in “unconditional positive regard’
• nursing also strongly rooted in Rogerian theory

Question 23

Rogers’s eight steps

Answer 23

1. empathy
2. respect
3. genuineness
4. concreteness
5. confrontation
6. self disclosure
7. immediacy of relationships
8. self exploration

Question 24

empathy

Answer 24

walk in another’s shoes —> NOT sympathy

Question 25

respect

Answer 25

care for client as whole person

Question 26

genuineness

Answer 26

be a since, “authentic” role model

Question 27

concreteness

Answer 27

identify patient’s feelings by careful listening

Question 28

confrontation

Answer 28

discuss discrepancies in behavior

Question 29

sel disclosure

Answer 29

nurse shares self as appropriate to situation

Question 30

immediacy of relationships

Answer 30

selective sharing of feelings

Question 31

self exploration

Answer 31

the more we explore ourselves, the greater the coping/adapting

Question 32

Carl Jung

Answer 32

• Swiss psychologist
• believed in the effects of the unconscious mind
• believed that men and women were different from each other; however both have traces of each other’s hormones (females have some testosterone)

Question 33

Elisabeth Kubler Ross

Answer 33

• leader in the study of the process of death and dying
• died August 2004 at age 78
• came up with five stages of death and dying

Question 34

5 stages of death and dying

Answer 34

denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance