Chapter 4: Developmental psych throughout lifespan Flashcards
developmental psychology
- theories encompass the study of human growth and development
- developmental theories are generalizations, tendencies, and guidelines, not strict rules. Individuals grow and develop at their own pace.
developmental psychologists
- Sigmund Freud
- Erik Erikson
- Jean Piaget
- Lawrence Kohlberg
- Karen Horney
- Ivan Pavlov
- B.F. Skinner
- Abraham Maslow
- Carl Rogers
- Carl Jung
- Carol Gilligan
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
- psychoanalyst
- first theorist to determine a theory and treatment method; because he is the first, all others compare either positively or negatively with him
- theories considered controversial in today’s world
tenets of Freud’s theories
- personality is complete by age 12
- behaviors displayed in ineffective personality development are unconscious
- psychosexual in nature (pertains to the child’s relationship to the parent and that it is psychosexual in nature)
three parts to the personality
id
ego
superego
id
gratification of self
ego
balances the id
serves as an unconscious “wait a minute” function
superego
the “conscience” or right/wrong; good/bad values arise here in Freud’s theory
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
- psychoanalyst
- added an emotional component to Freud’s theory
- understood that each individual was different in his/her development
- identified his stages by ‘tasks’ and “stages”.
- tasks are always identified by stating opposites: trust vs mistrust - to indicate emotional fluctuation in people
- stages are grouped in specific age range
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
- Swiss psychologist
- cognitive theorist
cognitive
one’s ability to reason, make judgments, and learn
Jean Piaget believed…
- development is related to experiential age more than cognitive age
- intelligence consists of coping w/ the environment
- people must complete one stage of development before moving to the next
lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)
- follower/believer of Piaget
- added “moral” component: published in 1958 as his doctoral thesis
- believed very young people have the ability to judge right/wrong
- very interested in how people arrive at their moral decisions
- controversial: criticized by some as sexist and culturally insensitive
Karen Horney (1885-1952)
- psychoanalyst
- one of very few women theorists
- followed Freud’s teachings except believed that abnormal or mental illness was related to ineffective mother-child bonding
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) and B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
- behavioral theorists
- worked on “conditioning” or manipulating behaviors
- behavior modification is a result of their work
- B.F. Skinner = “operant conditioning”
- took a behavior and “operated” on it by changing the variables or conditions surrounding the behavior
three parts to operant conditioning are
response
stimulus
reinforcer
response
the behavior that is to be studied
stimulus
event that immediately precedes or follows the response
reinforcer
the variable that will cause the behavior to repeat. may be seen as a “reward” and has to be meaningful
Abraham maslow (1908-1970)
- person centered, client centered, or humanist theorst: believed individuals should be “prized and loved”
- nursing strongly rooted in maslow’s theory
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- needs (food, water, shelter)
- safety (people need to feel safe and free of fear)
- love and belonging (need for feeling appreciated, loved, and part of a group; loneliness considered to be a major cause of depression
- esteem (being respected by others and by self)
- self actualization (willing to take risks and work toward one’s individual potential)
- hierarchy of needs assist the nurse in selecting priorities in nursing care
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
- also person centered/humanist psychologist
- believed in “unconditional positive regard’
- nursing also strongly rooted in Rogerian theory
Rogers’s eight steps
- empathy
- respect
- genuineness
- concreteness
- confrontation
- self disclosure
- immediacy of relationships
- self exploration
empathy
walk in another’s shoes —> NOT sympathy
respect
care for client as whole person
genuineness
be a since, “authentic” role model
concreteness
identify patient’s feelings by careful listening
confrontation
discuss discrepancies in behavior
sel disclosure
nurse shares self as appropriate to situation
immediacy of relationships
selective sharing of feelings
self exploration
the more we explore ourselves, the greater the coping/adapting
Carl Jung
- Swiss psychologist
- believed in the effects of the unconscious mind
- believed that men and women were different from each other; however both have traces of each other’s hormones (females have some testosterone)
Elisabeth Kubler Ross
- leader in the study of the process of death and dying
- died August 2004 at age 78
- came up with five stages of death and dying
5 stages of death and dying
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
