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Health Care Interactions > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural bias

A

tendency to interpret a word or action according to culturally derived meaning

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2
Q

Personal bias

A

tendency to interpret a word or action according to personal meaning

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3
Q

Prejudice

A

adversive or hostile attitude toward a person who belongs to a group merely because they belong to that group.

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4
Q

Diversity stats

Hispanic or Latino

A

18.5%

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5
Q

Diversity stats

African American or black

A

13.5%

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6
Q

Diversity stats

Asian

A

5.9%

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7
Q

Diversity stats

American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native
Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander

A

1.5%

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8
Q

Primary culture Characteristics

A

Race
Gender Identity
Age
Nationality

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9
Q

Secondary Cultural Characteristics

A
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Occupation
  • Health condition
  • Religion
  • Sexual preference
  • Group membership
  • Education
  • Political orientation
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10
Q

Race

A

A social and cultural construct based on percieved differences in biology, physical appearance, and behavior.

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11
Q

Racism

A

“a system of structuring opportunity and assigning
value based on the social interpretation of how one
looks (which is what we call “race”), that unfairly
disadvantages some individuals and communities,
unfairly advantages other individuals and
communities, and saps the strength of the whole
society through the waste of human resources“

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12
Q

Age

A

Unintentional ageism can blind the health
professional to treatable health problems in
the elderly.

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13
Q

gender identity

Sex

A

classification of a person as male, female or intersex.

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14
Q

Gender

A

describes our
internal understanding
and experience of our
own gender identity.

Cannont be known simply by looking at a person.

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15
Q

Gender non-conformity

A

describes those whose
gender identity or
expression differs from
that which was assigned
at birth.

Importance of addressing
gender inequities and
offering patient-centered
care that respects
modesty or patient
preferences.

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16
Q

Ethnicity

A

Refers to a person’s sense of belonging to
a group of people sharing a common
origin, history, and set of social beliefs.

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17
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

is the belief that one’s own
cultural ways are superior.

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18
Q

Differences in socioeconomic status may hinder:

A

Patients from asking
questions

Health professional
empathy

Knowledge of
practical realities of
patients’ lives

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19
Q

Occupation

A

can
shape how people
see the world and
what they value.

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20
Q

Residence

A

Place of residence
has an impact on
how people view
health.

(urban vs. rural) Interdependent vs. independent.

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21
Q

Religion

A

Religion gives meaning to illness, pain, and
suffering.

Differences in religious beliefs may challenge the health professional’s understanding, tolerance, and willingness to make accommodations.

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22
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

Gay, lesbian, or transgender patients may
hide their orientation for fear of prejudicial
attitudes and discrimination.

Can I just say that I found this slide misleading because transgenderism isn’t a sexual orientation, it’s a gender orientation and sexuality is seperate, at least according to my transgender friends.

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23
Q

Cultural competence

A
  • is an ongoing process.
  • Health professional strives to achieve the ability and availability to work effectively within the cultural context of the patient.
  • Assumes that we are all multicultural beings.
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24
Q

Cultural Humility

A
  • Requires a commitment to ongoing self-
    reflection and self-critique.
  • Includes identification and examination of
    one’s own patterns of unintentional and
    intentional racism
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25
Q

Diversity

A

having a range of people
with various racial, ethnic, socioeconomic,
and cultural backgrounds and various
lifestyles, experience, and interests. …
Diversity should encompass various
backgrounds and perspectives including
ethnicity, race, geography, political belief,
sexual orientation, etc.

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26
Q

Demographics of Sioux City 2020, 2021

White

A

2020 - 83.38%
2021- 80.39%

also listed as 62.8% and 66.7%

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27
Q

Demographics of Sioux City 2020, 2021

Black or African American

A

2020-4.38%
2021- 4.61%
also listed as 2020- 5.7% -21 - 4.2%

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28
Q

Demographics of Sioux City 2020, 2021

Two or more races

A

2020- 3.76%
2021- 6.19%

29
Q

Demographics of Sioux City 2020, 2021

Native American

A

2020- 2.13%
2021-2.04%

30
Q

Demographics of Sioux City 2020, 2021

Hispanic -

A

listed as 2020 - 20.9% and 2021 - 20.3%

31
Q

Interpreter

A

trained to convert oral messages from one language to another

32
Q

translator

A

a person specially trained to convert written text from one language to another.

33
Q

ad-hoc interpreter

A

person who speaks more than one language but has never have proper training to become a certified Interpreter

34
Q

Source language

A

The language in which the message originated

35
Q

Target language:

A

The language the message is being converted into.

36
Q

Guidelines for using a Professional Interpreter

A
  • Position yourself so that you are facing the patient and the patient is facing you.
  • Speak directly to your patient, in first person as though you two are speaking in the same
    language. Never speak to the interpreter or ask the interpreter to speak to the other person on your behalf.
  • Use an even tone of voice.
  • Keep your speech simple avoiding fancy medical terminology, jargon, slang or metaphors.
  • Speak in complete sentences at a moderate pace 2-3 sentences at a time.
  • Avoid using family members or young children to interpreter.
  • The interpreter will leave the room when there is not a provider present to interpret for.
  • In the event that you have to use an interpreter that is not a professional, instruct the interpreter that once you begin, he or she can not take part in the conversation in any way. That he or she can only interpret what you and the client have to say and that everything is confidential.
37
Q

Simultaneous: interpreting

A

When the message is interpreted from the source language to the target language in real-time 3-4 words behind the speaker.

38
Q

Consecutive interpreting

A

When the interpreter interprets 1-2 sentences at a time. The provider pauses and waits for the interpreter to convey the message before continuing.

39
Q

Summary interpretation

A

condensing and necessarily omitting some of what is said to be able to give a short explanation.

40
Q

Sight translation

A

When the interpreter reads written words and interprets them orally.

41
Q

Benefits of having a professional
interpreter present

A

 Information accuracy

 To help people that speak different languages communicate

 Avoid misunderstanding related to language differences

 Help to break down and understand cultural and language gaps

42
Q

Culture defined

A

behaviors and values that are learned, shared, and exhibited by a group of people. Culture is also evidenced in material and nonmaterial productions of a people. Culture as a set of characteristics is neither fixed nor static

43
Q

acculturation

A

The phenomenon of merging cultures

44
Q

Once you become aware of your often unconscious biases

A

you can more easily avoid being influenced by them in your interactions with others.

45
Q

Respecting differences in race, religion, ethnicity, gender identity, or other attributes

A

includes understanding when those differences should count to benefit patients, how they inform the responses of people, and the process of providing patient-and family-centered, culturally responsive care.

46
Q

While 40% of the US population identify as a racial/ethnic minority

A

only 10% of health care professionals are people of color

47
Q

Microaggressions

A

a term first coined in 1970, refer to “verbal, nonverbal, and/or environmental slights, snubs, or insults that are either intentional or (most often) unintentional; they convey hostile, derogatory, or otherwise negative messages to target persons based upon their membership in a structurally oppressed social group.”

48
Q

Antiracism

A

“the practice of identifying, challenging, and changing the values, structures, and behaviors that perpetuate systemic racism.”

49
Q

Project Implicit by Harvard Medical School

A

“Project Implicit is a non-profit organization and international collaboration between researchers who are interested in implicit social cognition – thoughts, and feelings outside of conscious awareness and control. The goal of the organization is to educate the public about hidden biases.”

50
Q

racist patients

A

health professionals also have the right to be treated with dignity and respect in their workplaces. It is often the most vulnerable health professionals (such as students and those from minoritized backgrounds) who encounter the biased patient with little recourse, often resulting in feeling unsupported and invisible after an unpleasant patient encounter.

51
Q

rates of violence against health care workers over last decade

A

110% increase

52
Q

Registered nurses reporting verbal abuse

A

76%

53
Q

The book talks about an influx of immigration which is confusing

A

Census data shows we are near a 200 year low in percent of imigrants as part of the US population. Not a crisis. unless not having enough imigrants is the crisis. (For my own edification not part of the class.)

54
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

is the belief that one’s cultural ways are superior. Health professionals often believe that their way is best and so may be guilty of medical ethnocentrism.

55
Q

values-based practice.

A

The alignment of patient-centered values and evidence. In this practice model, the unique preferences and expectations of patients are integrated into clinical decisions based on evidence-based care.

56
Q

transgender individuals face discrimination and stigma at three levels within a society:

A

structural, interpersonal, and individual.

57
Q

Misgendering

A

occurs when we address patients using language that does not match their gender identity and can negatively impact their experience in the health care system. (South Dakota legally requires state institutuions and USD to misgender trans people.)

58
Q

intersectionality

A

examines the relationship between race, gender, and class, with one not seen as more salient than the other

59
Q

Intergenerational diversity

A

. Working across the generations is a very common occurrence between young health professionals and older patients that can cause misunderstanding for both

60
Q

LGBT older adults

A

are less likely to disclose their sexual orientation and gender identity as they came of age when homosexuality and nonnormative gender identities were stigmatized.

61
Q

SES (socio-economic status)

A

closely linked with health as patients with quality education and stable employment, who live in safe neighborhoods, tend to be healthier.

62
Q

Health professionals who have mainly been socialized in largely White, urban middle-class values

A

may see patients as “noncompliant” and fail to appreciate the complexity of the patient environment and context.

63
Q

Adults with a college degree

A

live on average 5 years more than those with less than a high school education

64
Q

the “language” of health care

A

is often foreign to patients as well.

65
Q

Occupation

A

The importance of a person’s occupation is sometimes seen more clearly when illness, injury, disease, disability, or retirement forces a change in occupation. How patients occupy themselves, whether they spend their time in the formal workforce or not, can give important cultural clues that impact health beliefs and decisions.

66
Q

residence

A

Rural dwellers, from a variety of locations, tend to determine health needs primarily in relation to work activities.

The challenges of working with patients without housing include not only significant issues such as ensuring the safety and basic well-being of the patient but also practical considerations such as the need for access to a bathroom, warmth and dry clothing, or a source of clean drinking water.

67
Q

A different view of illness is evident with believers in Islam.

A

Muslim may attribute the incidence and outcome of a health condition to “inshallah” or, to put another way, to leave it in God’s hands.

68
Q

Kleinman questions

A

1.What do you call your problem? What name does it have?
2.What do you think has caused your problem? Why do you think it started when it did?
3.What do you think your sickness does to you? How does it work?
4.How severe is it? Will it have a short or long course?
5.What do you fear the most about your sickness?
6.What are the chief problems your sickness has caused for you?
7.What kind of treatment do you think you should receive? What are the most important results you hope to receive from this treatment?

Health Care Interactions (14 decks)

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