Chapter 10

Question 1

mortality rate for Black infants

Answer 1

more than twice that for White and Hispanic infants

Question 2

Human growth proceeds in accordance with general principles

Answer 2

(1) orderliness,
(2) discontinuity,
(3) differentiation,
(4) cephalocaudal, and
(5) proximodistal and bilateral

Question 3

3 cs

Answer 3

consistency in approach, constancy of presence, and continuity of treatment.

Question 4

Domains of human performance:

Answer 4

• Cognitive
• Affective
• Psychomotor

Question 5

International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health (ICF)

Answer 5

• Body structure and function
• Activities and participation
• Personal and environmental factors

Question 6

Orderliness

Answer 6

Growth and changes in behavior usually occur in an orderly fashion and in the same sequence.

Question 7

Discontinuity

Answer 7

Although growth is orderly, it is not always smooth and gradual. There are periods of rapid growth—growth spurts—and increases in psychological abilities.

Question 8

Differentiation

Answer 8

Development proceeds from simple to complex and from general to specific. An example of differentiation in the infant is seen in an infant’s ability to wave his or her arms first and later develop purposeful use of his or her fingers.

Question 9

Cephalocaudal

Answer 9

the upper end of the organism develops earlier than the lower end. Increases in neuromuscular size and maturation of function begin in the head and proceed to the hands and feet.

Question 10

Proximodistal and Bilateral

Answer 10

Proximodistal development means that growth progresses from the central axis of the body (the trunk) toward the periphery or extremities.

Question 11

Cognitive development

Answer 11

the way a child learns to think, explore, and figure things out.

Question 12

stages of cognitive development described by Jean Piaget (1896–1980)

Answer 12

earliest stage of cognitive development as sensorimotor

Question 13

sensorimotor.

Answer 13

At this stage, infants take in a great deal of information through their senses. Tactile and verbal stimulation and auditory and visual cues can have positive, long-range results. The early beginnings of cognitive development can be stimulated by talking to the infant and by face-to-face interactions

Question 14

piaget todlers

preoperational

Answer 14

egocentrism (seeing the world from a “me-only” viewpoint), rigidity of thought (“Mom is always right”), and semilogical reasoning (“My dog died because I was a bad boy”). Children in this stage are confused about cause and effect, even when it is explained to them, and think in terms of magic

Question 15

Erik Erikson, a psychologist who, in the 1950s and 1960s, proposed eight stages of psychosocial development.

Answer 15

During infancy, the child is introduced to trust and begins to experience (or not experience) its power.

Question 16

Erik Erikson

psychosocial development of the toddler

Answer 16

acquiring a clearer sense of himself or herself that is separate from that of the primary caregiver, becoming involved in wider social relationships, gaining self-control and mastery over motor and verbal skills, and developing independence and a self-concept.

Question 17

Toddler and Preschool Years

Answer 17

• Rapid physical, social, emotional, and cognitive
  growth
• New challenges
• Early diagnosis of developmental disabilities
• play

Question 18

Types of Play

Symbolic play

Answer 18

often called pretend play or imaginative play, is when a child uses objects, actions, or ideas to represent other objects, actions, or ideas as play. For example, a child might pretend that a block is a car, a stick is a magic wand, or that they’re cooking with play food.

Question 19

unoccupied play

Answer 19

(0–3 months), which is when infants discover how their body moves through making a lot of movements with their arms, legs, hands, and feet;

Question 20

solitary play

Answer 20

(0–2 years), when a child plays alone, not quite interested in playing with others yet;

Question 21

Onlooker play

Answer 21

(2 years), which involves intently watching others, such as when the health professional entertains the child or when the child observes others at play but does not actively participate;

Question 22

parallel play

Answer 22

(2+ years), which is side-by-side play characterized by activity that is interactive only by virtue of another’s presence. (Participation by observation and side-by-side types of play may help decrease a young patient’s loneliness, even though he or she cannot fully interact with others.)

Question 23

associative play

Answer 23

(3–4 years), which children start to interact; involves shared activity and communication but little organized activity

Question 24

cooperative play

Answer 24

(4+ years), which the child plays with others, having an interest in both the activity and the other children involved; requires following group rules and achieving agreed-on goals.

Question 25

Your conduct is like a mirror to the baby.

Answer 25

If you are anxious or uncomfortable with caring for an infant, the infant will sense it. In addition to the immediate discomfort, you may cause an infant by inattention to these details, a more persistent negative response could be a sign of deeper discomfort. A good general rule is to remain consistent, approaching the infant similarly in each interaction in hope that the familiarity itself will be a comfort.

Question 26

Infant Needs: Respect and Consistency

Answer 26

needs such as the need for a drink of water, food, pain relief, or a diaper change. You have an opportunity to demonstrate respect for the infant by responding effectively to each type of need.

Question 27

Infant needs

three “Cs”

Answer 27

consistency in approach, constancy of presence, and continuity of treatment.

Question 28

preschooler needs

Their illness, the intimidating surroundings, or their shyness,

Answer 28

may make young children even more reticent than most patients to make their needs known in this direct manner.

Question 29

Preschool years
Preschool participation

Answer 29

• are critical period of learning and development
• Links to health, social-emotional and cognitive outcomes

Question 30

Entrance to preschool

Answer 30

varies across families and
populations

Pre-literacy and pre-numeracy skills

Question 31

As a result of the pandemic,

Answer 31

children had less access to preschool, fewer attended state-funded preschool or Head Start programs, many of the children who did enroll “attended” virtual preschool, and preschool regulations were both tightened and relaxed to deal with the pandemic.

Question 32

Early adversity, or an adverse childhood experience

Answer 32

personal experience of abuse, neglect, or trauma associated with proximity to an unstable family member (i.e., a close family member who has a substance use disorder or mental illness, is incarcerated, and/or is a victim of domestic violence) or a suddenly departed ­family member (i.e., divorce, death, and abandonment).

Question 33

adverse childhood experience

Linked with

Answer 33

increase risk for chronic
conditions including DM and depression in
adulthood

insecure attachments

cardiovascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, substance use disorders, chronic inflammation, anxiety, and depression in adulthood

Question 34

Child Abuse Prevention and
Treatment Act (CAPTA)

Answer 34

Originally enacted in 1974 and most recently
amended and reauthorized in 2010

Question 35

Child Abuse Prevention and

Treatment Act (CAPTA)

Mandates

Answer 35

reporting and provides support for
prevention of child abuse and neglect.

Question 36

Child Abuse Prevention and

Treatment Act (CAPTA)

CAPTA defines child abuse and neglect

Answer 36

s “any recent act of failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm.”

Question 37

Younger children

Answer 37

are more frequently maltreated than older children, with those younger than the age of 1 being at the greatest risk