chapter 12 Flashcards
Adulthood Defined
Chronological age
Young / emerging adulthood vs middle adulthood
compressed morbitity
live disease free for a long time and then die.
Adulthood Defined
Achievement of developmental tasks
establish
identity, develop intimate relationships, live
independently
Adulthood Defined
responsibility
when a person begins to assume responsibility for themselves and others.
Adulthood Defined
Psychological terms – maturity
- Take responsibility
- Make logical decisions
- Appreciate the position of others
- Control emotional outburst
- Accept social roles
Adulthood Defined
Biological development is sometimes treated as complete when a person shows the result of changes that occur during adolescence
human beings continue to grow and mature throughout their life span
Average life expectancy
77.8
Varies by gender, race and ethnicity, other
variables
10 leading causes of death for all age groups in the United States
1.Heart disease
2.Cancer
3.COVID-19
4.Accidents (unintentional injuries)
5.Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases)
6.Chronic lower respiratory diseases
7.Alzheimer’s disease
8.Diabetes mellitus
9.Influenza and pneumonia
10.Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis
Leading Causes of Death Globally
1.Ischemic heart disease
2.Stroke
3.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4.Lower respiratory tract infections
5.Neonatal conditions
6.Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers
7.Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
8.Diarrheal diseases
9.Diabetes
10.Kidney diseases
6 in 10 Americans live with at least one
chronic disease
Chronic disease and co-morbidities
Complex social problems, such as health disparities, which disproportionately impact patients from minoritized backgrounds, often resist solutions by a single organization.
chronic conditions, which often included an increased prevalence amongst Black and Brown communities.
Young adulthood is often referred to as
the healthy years and the hidden hazards.
Individuals in early and middle adulthood tend to underestimate the impact over time that poor lifestyle choices or unpreventable environmental situations may have on their overall health quality and life span.
all impact health outcomes
Interaction of genes, biology and behaviors
with the social, cultural, and physical
environment
Emerging and Early Adulthood
Transition to adulthood
identity exploration and consolidation processes continue at the beginning of emerging or early adulthood (generally between the ages of 18 and 25)
Emerging and Early Adulthood
Adulthood is not defined by a single factor
rather by an integration of cognitive development, physical development, reflective judgment, and societal experience.
Emerging and Early Adulthood
distinguishing features of emerging adulthood
(1) identity exploration, (2) instability, (3) self-focus, (4) feeling in-between, and (5) possibilities
Emerging and Early Adulthood
Emerging trends
young millennials (aged 22–28) revealed that they delayed milestones such as moving out of their parent’s home and buying a home of their own because of their student loan debt
Boomerang Generation.
Emerging and Early Adulthood
Integration of cognitive development, physical
development, reflective judgment, and
societal experience
Transition to adulthood.
Emerging and Early Adulthood
Boomarang Impact on families and health systems
longer transitions can strain families and institutions (such as health care systems) that work with young adults. For example, adults who have children might think that they have moved through an adult developmental task of parenting, only to find their children returning home after a divorce or unemployment.
Identity
understanding of the basic self that provides continuity over time and across problems and changes in life.
patient-centered professional relationship
Adult patients are generally more capable as an equal partner than younger people.
adults should not be assumed to have better self-advocacy skills
purely based on their age
Intimacy
developmental task of the adult.
Adulthood sometimes involves people going back to previous developmental tasks
such as establishing a basic identity
During adulthood, another aspect of acting responsibly
involves having a high regard for the welfare of others.
Underlying the idea of responsibility
is an assumption that the individual is a free agent (i.e., one who is willing and able to act autonomously). (i.e., a promise to provide for one’s own children or parents)
matter of responsibility in our culture
extent to which they command the respect of employer, family, and friends.
Social Roles in Adulthood
Primary Relationships
Choosing a life partner and becoming better acquainted (i.e., learning to know the person, discovering potentials and limits, similarities and differences, and compatibilities and incompatibilities) are processes interwoven with the more basic activities of eating, sleeping, acquiring possessions, working, worshipping, relaxing, and playing together.
Parenting of Children
Gender role stereotypes traditionally assigned to mothering, fathering, and coparenting
are breaking down in many families so that both parents share the whole range of parenting skills.
Parenting of Children
women generally spend twice as much time
on household and child-care tasks compared to men
Parenting of Children
child’s welfare depends
on the quality of parenting
Care of Older Family Members
Middle-age adults are often referred to as the “sandwich” generation
they are responsible for care of both young (children) and old (aging parents/family members).
Care of Older Family Members
caregivers in the United States
2015 there were 43.5 million
caregivers often
put the needs of their care recipients ahead of their own, and 23% report that caregiving has made their health worse.
Caregiving responsibilities
can disrupt employment, health maintenance, leisure, and social participation during adulthood.
Latino caregivers
valued family decision-making regarding care.
Asian-American caregivers experienced
strained interpersonal relationships and shame in asking for help
Black or African American caregivers reported reliance
on community and striving to maintain the cohesion of their family
Native American caregivers reported feeling pressure
to provide care despite limited resources and a lack of formal resources.
Mentoring the Next Generation
mentoring
as a complex process used to guide a protégé through career transitions and as a necessary part of training effective, reflective practitioners
three consistent agreements about mentoring
The first is that mentoring
is focused on the growth and development of another.
three consistent agreements about mentoring
The second is that several forms of support are used
including role modeling and psychological support
three consistent agreements about mentoring
and finally, researchers agree
there is a degree of reciprocity associated with mentoring and that adult mentor gains as much from the relationship as the mentee.
Mentoring the Next Generation
Mentors are described as
“socializing or influence agents, encouraging protégés to internalize the norms, behaviors, and values of the scientific community.”
Political and Other Service Activities
Involvement in political and social organizations
has traditionally been at a peak during the adult years.
Work as Meaningful Activity
For some, work is performed primarily in the home
(especially during the pandemic when social distancing guidelines were in place)
Work as Meaningful Activity
Adults are judged to spend about half of their waking hours
engaged in work, and it is during middle adulthood that career consolidation typically occurs.
Work as Meaningful Activity
The average US employee works
7.62hours a day.
Work as Meaningful Activity
Women have a greater likelihood of working part-time
compared with men
Work as Meaningful Activity
most women experience in their work roles: expectations on them
include not only doing a job in the labor force but also maintaining the quality and amount of work performed in the home.
Work as Meaningful Activity
Two types of responsibilities are associated with the work role:
(1) to do one’s job well and (2) to fulfill the reasonable expectations of others
Work as Meaningful Activity
Your task as a health professional is to assess how the patient views their work situation
work entails responsibility toward both a job to be done and other human beings. Treatment goals must be tailored to help the patient carry out these responsibilities,
Stresses and Challenges of Adulthood
Primary relationship stress
- Ongoing vs discrete event
- Empty nest syndrome
- Domestic violence
Primary relationship stress
Common sources of stress in committed relationships include
nonfulfillment of role obligations by a significant other, lack of reciprocity between partners, a feeling of not being accepted by a significant other, and unequal household and child-rearing responsibilities
Primary relationship stress
Empty nest syndrome
experience stress around the departure of their children,
Primary relationship stress
Domestic violence
defined as “willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault, and/or other abusive behavior as part of a systematic pattern of power and control perpetrated by one intimate partner against another. It includes physical violence, sexual violence, threats, and emotional/psychological abuse.”
Domestic violence
National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey
1 in 4 women and 1 in 10 men have reported abuse by an intimate partner during their lifetime.
Domestic violence
domestic violence occurs
across the socioeconomic spectrum and among all ethnic and other demographic groups.
Domestic violence
The professional who treats adult patients must be aware of clinical guidelines
that express deep respect by discovering symptoms or behaviors, institutional policies regarding suspected or obvious abuse, local sources of support available to patients, and legal requirements to report intimate partner abuse.
Parenting Stresses
Providing a listening ear and care for the caregivers
are key first steps in helping parents cope with stress
Parenting Stresses
Child abuse and neglect
which are increasing (or, perhaps, are being reported more systematically), are tragic examples of what can happen when stress is not controlled.
Stress in Care of Elderly Family Members
most of the burden for parent care falls on adult women
Many quit their jobs to fulfill the responsibility of caring for one or more elderly family members.
Work Stress
For many individuals in their middle years, stress related to work
is their primary stress, manifesting itself in a wide range of disorders.
Work Stress
. Chronically elevated work-related stress is a risk factor
for numerous physical and mental health outcomes, including depression and cardiovascular disease.
Work Stress
Studies have demonstrated that a job with high responsibility in which the consequences for a mistake are dire
creates the highest stress.
Work Stress
A form of stress related to the work role is caused by the inability
to find or hold a job.
Work Stress
the stress of working can be less threatening to health and well-being
than the stress of being unemployed.
stress and learning
the more life-changing an event,
the more likely it is to be associated with learning opportunities
Middle-age adults may wonder, “Is this all there is?” and feel that “something is missing.”
Also, the focus on worldly aspirations may shift to more spiritual aspects of life and their place in the bigger scheme of things. Middle-age adults make more informed decisions about their futures.
Doubt allows no rest; indeed, it is a relentless churning that nakedly reveals almost all the dimensions of one’s life
Working with Adult Patients
Patients may feel angered/confused
– “struck down in one’s prime”
– Attend to denial, hostility, depression
Working with Adult Patients
Loss of independence
– May feel trapped, vulnerable, frustrated
Working with Adult Patients
Show respect
– Assess physical/psychological symptoms of stress
– Listen to patient’s narrative
Working with Adult Patients
Patients who can no longer go about meeting the responsibilities expected of them and pursuing the numerous life roles and established goals
may feel trapped, vulnerable, and frustrated.
