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Health Care Interactions > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

The Older Population

Older population defined:

A
  • Young old = 65 – 75
  • Middle old = 75 – 85
  • Old old = 85 +
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2
Q

The older population in the United States currently represents

A

16.5% of the US population.

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3
Q

The Older Population

By 2060,

A

nearly one in four Americans is projected to be an older adult.

by 2060 will over
than double to 98.2 million

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4
Q

The Older Population growth

A

Fastest growing segment of the US population

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5
Q

The Older Population

Geographic representations

A

in the South and
Northeast

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6
Q

The Older Population

The heaviest users

A

of the health care system

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7
Q

The Older Population

Most of us have stereotypes of old age

A

but almost every generality about the older person is quickly countered by personal experience with an older adult.

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8
Q

Rapid societal changes taking place around older adults

A

actively involved outside of the home as employers, employees, volunteers, or members of community organizations.

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9
Q

Aging in its broadest sense refers to the

A

“changes that occur during an organisms’ life-span.”

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10
Q

Aging

differes from

A

individual to individual

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11
Q

Aging

The result of interactions of

A

genetics,
environment, lifestyle and disease processes

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12
Q

Biological Theories aging

two main types of biological aging theories

A

genetic (programmed theories) and stochastic (damage theories)

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13
Q

Biological Theories aging

Genetic theories

A

“aging is genetically determined and organisms have an internal clock that programs longevity.”

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14
Q

Biological Theories aging

Stochastic or damage theories propose

A

“chance error and the accumulation of damage over time cause aging. Stochastic theories include wear and tear, error catastrophe, free radical theory, DNA damage hypothesis, loss of adaptive cellular mechanism, and the mitochondrial theory.”

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15
Q

Social Theories of Aging

life-course approach

A

“recognizes the social, cultural, and structural contexts of a person’s lifelong development.”

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16
Q

Social Theories of Aging

According to societal theory

A

it is also essential to recognize the contribution of agency to health.

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17
Q

Agency

A

Ability to control their own life and make decisions about their own care

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18
Q

Psychological Theories of Aging

Social sciences research

A

adopting a more optimistic view of aging which focuses on the potential of human development.

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19
Q

Psychological Theories of Aging

Successful aging is thought to be defined by three criteria

A

(1) low risk of disease and disability,
(2) high physical and cognitive functioning, and, lastly,
(3) active engagement with close personal relationships and involvement in activities.

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20
Q

PLOF

A

Prior Level Of Function

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21
Q

Psychological Theories of Aging

(selection, optimization, and compensation)
increased attention paid to human beings’

A

ability to adapt.

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22
Q

Psychological Theories of Aging

(selection, optimization, and compensation)
The individual also focuses on acquiring resources to improve function (optimization)

A

or compensates when previously available resources are lost.

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23
Q

Healthy Aging

A
  • Optimizing physical, cognitive, and mental
    health, and facilitating social engagement
  • Emphasis on QOL and maintaining independence
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24
Q

developmental challenge of old age—that of integrity.

A

In this last stage of human development, the person “understands, accepts, and loves the life he [or she] has led.”

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25
Q

Community health programming such as exercise programs, fall prevention, and yoga for the older adult

A

all support the healthy aging model.

26
Q

Social capital is described as

A

a resource that is accessed via social networks

27
Q

Many persons lose a valuable source of natural physical contact and companionship with the diminution of friendship and family ties

A

whereas others remain actively integrated into family and community circles.

28
Q

Friendships

Many people who have depended on lifelong friendships

A

find it difficult to make new acquaintances at 70 or 80 years of age.

29
Q

Conversely, a distant friendship may thrive after retirement

A

may thrive after retirement because energy once directed elsewhere can now be devoted to the friend.

30
Q

older person whose friendships are centered on their occupational relationships

A

may find that, after retirement, the friend is very much alive, but their friendship is dead.

31
Q

Friendships have been demonstrated to influence a person’s psychological well-being and health outcomes.

A

In working with patients, you can understand some important things by exploring who the person’s friends are and how friendships are generated and sustained

32
Q

Family

Being in a relationship that is now changed due to the aging process can pose challenges for the older adult.

A

When one partner can no longer perform an essential role because of illness or injury, the other partner may become overwhelmed by the need to complete additional tasks.

33
Q

Family

both family caregivers and informal ones

A

families provide most of the care for older relatives. Many families struggle to provide this care

34
Q

High levels of caregiver stress

A

can sometimes lead to elder abuse.

35
Q

Elder abuse often is not reported or is underreported

A

because the older person (or others) fear retaliation or believe that nothing will be done to change the situation

36
Q

Social isolation older

A

Low income, poor health, lack of transportation, and infrequent information access are linked to social isolation

37
Q

Where Elders Live

Aging in place

A

the ability to live in one’s own home and community safely, independently, and comfortably, regardless of age, income, or ability level.”

38
Q

Where Elders Live

Key components of independent living

A
  • Physical health
  • Functional ability
  • Social ability
  • Transportation and access to community
  • Security
39
Q

Where Elders Live

Retirement / intentional communities

A

housing alternatives for persons who do not remain in their own homes (or move in with or near relatives) but that allow them to age in place.

40
Q

Where Elders Live

Assisted Living

A

inability to perform activities of daily living.

41
Q

Where Elders Live

SNF

A

SNF admission are dementia and stroke

42
Q

Where Elders Live

Transitional issues

A

self-respect and the power to command the respect of others depend in part on remaining independent.

dependence with a capital D

43
Q

A Changing Self-Image

retirement from any long-held job or career focus often poses a threat to self-image

A

(and, subsequently, to self-esteem) in many older adults.

They might even see themselves as has-beens questioning their value in society

44
Q

Physical Changes of Aging

The most common functional limitations in older adults

A

reduced strength and endurance, joint problems, and increased risk for falls and household accidents.

45
Q

Physical Changes of Aging

Examples of physiologic age-related changes include

A

bone loss, cartilage thinning, decreased cardiac reserve capacity, muscle weakness, sensory changes, and changes in touch, temperature, and pain perception.

46
Q

Physical Changes of Aging

cognitive changes

A

decreased memory, attention, and a general decline in fluid intelligence

47
Q

Physical Changes of Aging

Visual changes

A

declines in acuity, speed of focusing, and accommodation, adaptation to darkness

48
Q

Physical Changes of Aging

Hearing losses

A

greatest in the high-frequency range and are more prevalent in men than women.

49
Q

Physical Changes of Aging

kinesthesia

A

steady loss in perception of body movement

50
Q

Regular activity can reverse

A

the decreased mobility that contributes to disease and disability.. cognitive improvement too.

51
Q

Self-efficacy when linked with activity

A

helps maintain cognitive function, resilience, and social engagement.

52
Q

Mental Changes of Aging

Being able to count on an established schedule

A

is also a way for an older adult to maintain a proper orientation to the environment.

53
Q

Mental Changes of Aging

older person’s sense of security, control, and orientation

A

can be further enhanced if, in addition to being treated at the same time each day, the routine of a treatment or test is kept reasonably stable from one day to the next.

54
Q

Mental Changes of Aging

Anxiety can greatly decrease the person’s performance

A

and have a detrimental effect on both the relationship with you and the patient’s progress

55
Q

Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment

Various forms of cognitive loss

A

(1) medication/health management,
(2) money/financial management,
(3) telephone management/communication device use, and
(4) transportation management.

56
Q

Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment

Respect requires that the confused person

A

should always be treated kindly.

57
Q

Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment

Acute confusion or disorientation can be caused by a variety of factors

A

such as an infection, a fluid or electrolyte imbalance, or a cerebral vascular accident. – don’t call it just “being old”

58
Q

Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment

communicating with patients with dementia

A

use broad opening statements or questions, try to establish commonalities,

speak to them as equals,

speak at a normal rate and without exaggerated intonation,

eliminate distractions,

repeat when necessary and according to whether the listener misunderstood versus forgot what was said,

and try to recognize themes in what the patient is trying to share with you.

59
Q

10 good things about getting older

A

1.I’ve become less emotional and more thoughtful with my decisions.
2.I no longer sweat the small stuff.
3.I can go shopping for what I need in my favorite store: my basement.
4.I’ve become kinder to myself.
5.Liking myself.
6.I no longer drool over—or covet—fashion must-haves.
7.I have so many good stories to tell.
8.All my years of living make me sound smart.
9.I no longer need to keep up with the Joneses.
10.It’s safe (and fun) to flirt.

60
Q

Security, both financial and physical

A

may also be highly prized by older adults because, again, for many of them the hold on it is more tenuous.

Health Care Interactions (14 decks)

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