Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic chemistry ls key to the origin

A

Of life

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2
Q

Living matter is made mostly of……

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen

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3
Q

Biological diversity results from…

A

carbon’s ability to make many bonds which create a large number of molecules with different properties and structures

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4
Q

Stanley Miller’s experiment

A

Miller’s experiment showed that organic molecules could form under the physical and chemical conditions of early Earth I found abiotic synthesis of organic molecules→ is the first step in the origin of life

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5
Q

Carbon skeletons

A

When carbon forms with other carbonthat has bonding sites for atoms of other elements

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6
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon have

A

4

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7
Q

What does carbon must commonly bond to

A

Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen

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8
Q

Carbon skeletons vary in….

A

Length and shape

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9
Q

Isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different structures and properties

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10
Q

Isomer types

A

Structural, cis-trans and enantiomers

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11
Q

Asymmetric carbon

A

When a carbon atom is connected to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms

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12
Q

Structural isomers

A

Same chemical formula, but different Structure, differ in covalent partners

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13
Q

Cis-trans isomer

A

Same formula but different formation of functional groups must have double bonds

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14
Q

Cis isomers

A

Has similar types of molecules or atoms on the same side, usually polar

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15
Q

Enantiomers

A

A pair of molecules that mirror eachother but cannot be superimposed on each other → has a chiral carbon aka central carbon cannot be symmetrical

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16
Q

Functional groups

A

Chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton → participates in chemical reactions

17
Q

The molecular shape affects the…..

A

Function or proper ties of the molecule

18
Q

What dues ATP stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

19
Q

Structure of ATP

A

Adenosine attached to 3 phosphate groups

20
Q

What happens when ATP reacts with water

A

ADP (adenosine and two organic phosphates + one inorganic phosphate+ energy

21
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of carbon compounds

22
Q

7 chemical groups most important in biological processes

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl,amino. Sulfhydryl, phosphate and methyl groups

23
Q

Which of the chemical groups are chemically reactive

A

All of them except for methyl

24
Q

Sulfhydryl is……

A

Hydrophilic which increases the solubility of organic compounds in water

25
Q

Methyl serves as a……

A

Recognizable tag

26
Q

Hydroxyl group

A
  • (OH) or (HO)
    *polar
    *forms hydrogen bonds with water
    *helps dissolve compounds
27
Q

Carboxyl group

A

*C double bonded to Oxygen
*when this group is at the end of a carbon skeleton it is called a aldehydes
*when this group is in the middle of a carb skeleton is is called a Ketone

28
Q

Carbonyl grade

A

*(COOH) or C—OH
*is polar
*acts as an acid
*form can be ionized so may have H+ added

29
Q

Amino group

A

*NH2
*acts as a base
*aka Amine

30
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

*SH
*can react by forming a cross link that helps stabilize protein structure
*aka Thiol

31
Q

Phosphate group

A

*OPO3^2-
*gives the molecule the ability to react with water
*aka organic phosphate

32
Q

Methyl group

A

*CH3
*affects the expression of genes when bonded to DNA or DNA proteins
*affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones