Chapter 4

Question 1

Organic chemistry ls key to the origin

Answer 1

Of life

Question 2

Living matter is made mostly of……

Answer 2

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen

Question 3

Biological diversity results from…

Answer 3

carbon’s ability to make many bonds which create a large number of molecules with different properties and structures

Question 4

Stanley Miller’s experiment

Answer 4

Miller’s experiment showed that organic molecules could form under the physical and chemical conditions of early Earth I found abiotic synthesis of organic molecules→ is the first step in the origin of life

Question 5

Carbon skeletons

Answer 5

When carbon forms with other carbonthat has bonding sites for atoms of other elements

Question 6

How many valence electrons does carbon have

Answer 6

4

Question 7

What does carbon must commonly bond to

Answer 7

Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen

Question 8

Carbon skeletons vary in….

Answer 8

Length and shape

Question 9

Isomers

Answer 9

Same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Question 10

Isomer types

Answer 10

Structural, cis-trans and enantiomers

Question 11

Asymmetric carbon

Answer 11

When a carbon atom is connected to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms

Question 12

Structural isomers

Answer 12

Same chemical formula, but different Structure, differ in covalent partners

Question 13

Cis-trans isomer

Answer 13

Same formula but different formation of functional groups must have double bonds

Question 14

Cis isomers

Answer 14

Has similar types of molecules or atoms on the same side, usually polar

Question 15

Enantiomers

Answer 15

A pair of molecules that mirror eachother but cannot be superimposed on each other → has a chiral carbon aka central carbon cannot be symmetrical

Question 16

Functional groups

Answer 16

Chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton → participates in chemical reactions

Question 17

The molecular shape affects the…..

Answer 17

Function or proper ties of the molecule

Question 18

What dues ATP stand for

Answer 18

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 19

Structure of ATP

Answer 19

Adenosine attached to 3 phosphate groups

Question 20

What happens when ATP reacts with water

Answer 20

ADP (adenosine and two organic phosphates + one inorganic phosphate+ energy

Question 21

Organic chemistry

Answer 21

The study of carbon compounds

Question 22

7 chemical groups most important in biological processes

Answer 22

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl,amino. Sulfhydryl, phosphate and methyl groups

Question 23

Which of the chemical groups are chemically reactive

Answer 23

All of them except for methyl

Question 24

Sulfhydryl is……

Answer 24

Hydrophilic which increases the solubility of organic compounds in water

Question 25

Methyl serves as a……

Answer 25

Recognizable tag

Question 26

Hydroxyl group

Answer 26

* (OH) or (HO) *polar *forms hydrogen bonds with water *helps dissolve compounds

Question 27

Carboxyl group

Answer 27

*C double bonded to Oxygen *when this group is at the end of a carbon skeleton it is called a aldehydes *when this group is in the middle of a carb skeleton is is called a Ketone

Question 28

Carbonyl grade

Answer 28

*(COOH) or C—OH *is polar *acts as an acid *form can be ionized so may have H+ added

Question 29

Amino group

Answer 29

*NH2 *acts as a base *aka Amine

Question 30

Sulfhydryl group

Answer 30

*SH *can react by forming a cross link that helps stabilize protein structure *aka Thiol

Question 31

Phosphate group

Answer 31

*OPO3^2- *gives the molecule the ability to react with water *aka organic phosphate

Question 32

Methyl group

Answer 32

*CH3 *affects the expression of genes when bonded to DNA or DNA proteins *affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones