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Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens in a nucleotide sequences

A

Genetic info is encoded

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2
Q

What do genes do aka gene expression

A

Program the cells protein production by being transcribed into MRNA

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3
Q

Genomics

A

Large scale analysis of DNA

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4
Q

Systems biology is mainly an attempt to

A

understand the behavior of entire biological systems by studying interactions among its component parts.

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5
Q

A controlled experiment……

A

Tests experimental and control groups in parallel

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6
Q

Which sentence best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?

A

If my prediction turns out to be correct, my hypothesis is supported.

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7
Q

What are the 2 ways matter consists

A

In the pure form of chemical elements and chemical compounds

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8
Q

Element vs. Compound

A

Elements cannot be chemically broken down any further.

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9
Q

What makes up 96% of living matter

A

Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen

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10
Q

What determines an elements properties

A

It’s atomic structure

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11
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of an element

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12
Q

What is an atom comprised of

A

Nucleus: holds protons and neutrons
Protons: positive charge; determines element
Neutrons: no charge; determine isotope
Electrons: outside of nucleus on orbital rings; negative charge;determine chemical behavior

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13
Q

What does an electrically neutral atom have

A

Equal numbers of electrons and protons

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14
Q

What determines the atom is number

A

Protons

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15
Q

Atomic mass is the_____ and is measured in _______

A

Mass number, daltons

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16
Q

What makes an isotope unstable

A

The nucleus has an uneven ratio of protons to neutrons

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17
Q

What do unstable isotopes do

A

Give off particles and energy as radioactivity

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18
Q

Isotopes

A

When different molecules or elements all have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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19
Q

Electrons distribution determines the…..

A

Chemical behavior of an atom

20
Q

Valence shell

A

An atom that has an incomplete outer shell that is reactive

21
Q

Atomic number=

A

Number of protons

22
Q

Number of protons=

A

Number of electrons (in a stable element)

23
Q

Go over how to draw a Bohr model

A

Look at yellow flash card

24
Q

The formation and function of molecules and ionic compounds depend on

A

Chemical bonding between atoms

25
Q

Covalent bonds form when

A

Pairs of electrons are shared

26
Q

Electronegativity

A

The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

27
Q

If both atoms are the same then…..

A

They have same electronegativity and share a non polar covalent bond

28
Q

Electrons of a polar covalent bond are pulled closer or farther to the more electronegative atom,

A

Closer

29
Q

Ion forms when

A

An atom or molecule gains or loses an electron and becomes charged

30
Q

Ionic bond

A

Attraction between two oppositely charged ions

31
Q

Hydrogen atom

A

A hydrogen bond is an attraction between a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom carrying a partial negative charge

32
Q

Van der Waals Interactions occur

A

Between transiently positive and negative regions of molecules

33
Q

A molecules shape is determined

A

by the positions of the atoms valence orbitals

34
Q

Covalent bonds results in what shape?

A

Hybrid orbitals ex) H2O, CH4

35
Q

Chemical reactions change______ into ________ while________

A

Reactants,products, conserving matter

36
Q

How was chemical equilibrium reached

A

When the forward d reverse reaction rates are equal

37
Q

Electronegativity

A

The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

38
Q

Electronegativity trend on periodic table

A

Electronegativity decreases as you go down & to the left The farther the elements, the more polar the molecule

39
Q

Electron distribution diagram

A

Know what it looks like

40
Q

Draw conic bond of NaCl

A
41
Q

Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called

A

Ionic compounds/salts

42
Q

Ionic compounds examples

A

NaCl, NH4Cl, MgCl2

43
Q

Is NH4+ a cation or anion

A

Cation

44
Q

Cation (+)

A

Looses an electron or gives some away to complete the anions valence shell

45
Q

Anion (-)

A

Gains an electron/needs an electron to complete valence shell

46
Q

Know how to calculate the concentration from the pH

A

Biology (23 decks)

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