chapter 4

Question 1

hypoxia

Answer 1

less oxygen then normal

Question 2

anoxia

Answer 2

no oxygen

Question 3

how can cells become injured

Answer 3

hypoxia, anoxia, trauma, radiation, inflammation, immune responses, genetic defects, nutritional imbalance, trauma, aging, dehydration

Question 4

most common cell injury

Answer 4

hypoxia

Question 5

hypoxia most often occurs due to?

Answer 5

ischemia

Question 6

ischemia

Answer 6

insufficient blood supply, not enough blood flow, the blood is carrying the oxygen throughout the body

Question 7

failure of Na+/K+ pump

Answer 7

maintains the balance between sodium and potassium inside and outside of the cell
- water follows salt
sodium should be pumped out and potassium in

Question 8

steatosis

Answer 8

accumulation of fat

Question 9

hydropic changes

Answer 9

cell swelling

• loss of atp
• sodium remains in cell

Question 10

cell response to injury

Answer 10

not an all or nothing phenomenon

• response to a given stress depends on the type, status and genetic make up of the inured cell
• cells are complex interconnected systems, and single local injuries can result in multiple secondary and tertiary effects

Question 11

adaptations of cells

Answer 11

altered growth, atrophy, hypertrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia

Question 12

atrophy

Answer 12

shrinkage, decrease in cell size

Question 13

physiological atrophy

Answer 13

aging

Question 14

pathological atrophy

Answer 14

decreased blood supply, decreased nutrtiion, lack of neural or hormone support

Question 15

hypertrophy

Answer 15

increase in cell size

Question 16

hypertrophy due to

Answer 16

hormonal stimulation

Question 17

hypertrophy results in

Answer 17

increased protein synthesis within cell, decrease protein breakdown

Question 18

hyperplasia

Answer 18

increase in cell number

Question 19

hyperplasia due to

Answer 19

hormonal stimulation, increased functional demand, chornic stress

Question 20

hypereplasia results in

Answer 20

increased cell division, if the cell can divide

Question 21

metaplasia

Answer 21

replacement of one cell type with another
- most common is epithelium
reversible

Question 22

dysplasia

Answer 22

change in cell resulting in abnormal cell size, shape or organization

Question 23

apoptosis

Answer 23

programmed cell death 
- not always an indication of injury
- removes cells that are "worn out" 
- removes unwanted tissue 
physiological or pathological

Question 24

necrosis

Answer 24

unregulated death

cells swell and rupture - damage nearby cells and inflammation results

Question 25

different types of necrosis

Answer 25

coagulation, liqufication, caseousm and gangrenous

Question 26

inflammation

Answer 26

``` a nonspecific response to any agent that causes cell injury function - limit extent of injury, remove necrotic debris, prepare for healing process ```

Question 27

acute inflammation

Answer 27

good, limits and contains, and repairs itself

Question 28

chronic inflammation

Answer 28

can be bad, a number of diseases that are associated with chronic inflammation, weeks to years, mediator of chronic disease

Question 29

acute inflammation - vascular

Answer 29

increase of blood flow to injured area, increase in vascular permeability,

Question 30

vascular permeability

Answer 30

the blood vessels become more leaky during inflammation, white blood cells are able to enter in through the spaces

Question 31

exudate

Answer 31

fluid that is accumulating in the interstitial space which causes edema and swelling

Question 32

mast cells stimulated to

Answer 32

release histamine

Question 33

acute inflammation - cellular

Answer 33

leukocytes move from blood into tissue at injury site, leukocytes move to injury site and activate, phagocytosis

Question 34

prostaglandins

Answer 34

promote inflammation, vasodilation, chemotaxis, can be reduced by NSAIDs

Question 35

steps of cellular phase of acute inflammation

Answer 35

leukocytes enter the injured area - margination - emigration/diapedesis - chemotaxis - phagocytosis

Question 36

diapedesis

Answer 36

across, the endothelial cells are leaky, white blood cells enter through the leaks

Question 37

chemotaxis

Answer 37

moving in the direction of the bacteria

Question 38

chemical mediators of inflammation

Answer 38

some are released by bacteria at infection site, others are produced by cells at injury site during and in response to inflammatory activation

Question 39

cytokines

Answer 39

molecules that help the immune system to communicate

Question 40

cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 40

redness, swelling, heat, and pain

Question 41

chronic inflammation may result from

Answer 41

acute inflammation that persists because the cause is not completely eliminated, non-acute cause present at low level for long time

Question 42

characteristics of chronic inflammation

Answer 42

typically low grade, edema and hyperemia less pronounced, few or no neutrophils present, fibrosis is common

Question 43

transudate

Answer 43

low protein content

Question 44

abscess

Answer 44

collection of pus

Question 45

cellulits

Answer 45

deep skin infection of the dermis

Question 46

ulcer

Answer 46

lesion in an organ

Question 47

mineral accumulation during inflammation

Answer 47

calcium

Question 48

accumulation of insoluble protein

Answer 48

amyloid

Question 49

amyloid

Answer 49

insoluble deposit that never goes away, organ function decreases

Question 50

repair

Answer 50

inflammation has to end for this to begin

Question 51

regenration

Answer 51

nearly complete restoration

Question 52

scarring

Answer 52

fibrous connective tissue repair - does not restore original function - not the same cell type as vefore

Question 53

stages of regeneration

Answer 53

1) inflammation 2) proliferative 3) remodeling

Question 54

proliferative

Answer 54

a cell proliferates to make new cells - epithelialization by regenerating basal cells granulation - filling in the wound with new capillaries, epithelial cells, filling in the gap temporarily until the correct cells can be formed, red because of new capillaries

Question 55

remodeling

Answer 55

maturation and reorganization - reorganization of collagen - so its much more uniform in direction, lose blood vessels, you would want to remove blood vessels because blood vessels aren't as strong as collagen

Question 56

factors that may detract from the body's ability to repair

Answer 56

continuation of inflammation, advancing age, poor nutrition, diabetes, steroid therapy

Question 57

continuation of inflammation

Answer 57

this is the first step of repair, so it needs to be completed before the body can start to heal