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understanding human disease > chap 11 - pulmonary system > Flashcards

chap 11 - pulmonary system Flashcards

1
Q

gas exchange

A

gasses diffuse between blood, tissues, and pulmonary alveoli due to differences in their partial pressues
- diffusion due to partial pressure = what is the pressure that is exerted by the gas, what is the concentration of the gas in the alveoli and in the blood

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2
Q

requirements for efficient gas exchange

A

large capillary surface area in contact with alveolar membrane, unimpeded diffusion across alveolar membrane, normal pulmonary blood flow, normal pulmonary alveoli

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3
Q

mucociliary escaltor

A
  • specialized epithelial lining of bronchial tree
  • mucus traps inhaled particles
  • cilia conveys upward toward moth, where it is swallowed
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4
Q

function

A

maintenance of acid/base balance
- normal plasma pH tightly controlled between 7.35 and 7.45
- acid-base balance is maintained in the lungs and kidneys

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5
Q

respiratory dysfunction can lead to acid/base disturbances

A

respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis

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6
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

caused by hypoventilation, opioids, alcohol, head trauma, more acidic = more hydrogen ions

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7
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

occurs with hyperventilation, decrease in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, blowing off co2, more basic and less hydrogen ions

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8
Q

pleural vacity

A

space between lungs and chest wall

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9
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure within pleural cavity - should be negative compared to the pressure in the lungs which helps to allow the lungs to fully expand
- normally lesser than intrapulmonary pressure
- vacuum - no air
- hold lungs open

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10
Q

lung cancer

A

most common cancer related deaths

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11
Q

pneumonia

A

bacterial or viral infection of air spaces of alveoli

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12
Q

most morbidity from lung disease can be attributed to

A

cigarette smoking

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13
Q

smoking also contributes to

A

coronary artery disease, gastric and peptic ulcers, kidney, bladder, and pancreatic cancer, miscarriage, and low birth weight

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14
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

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15
Q

apnea

A

no breathing

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16
Q

tachypnea

A

increased breathing rate

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17
Q

sputum

A

mucous

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18
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

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19
Q

cyanosis

A

decrease in oxygen or blood flow carrying the oxygen

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20
Q

tests of respiratory function

A

percussion, auscultation, spirometry, radiography

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21
Q

percussion

A

the lungs should sound hollow

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22
Q

auscultation

A

listening for crackling sounds, wheezing sounds

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23
Q

FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume
1 second - how much air is moved out in the first second

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24
Q

radiography

A

x-ray or CT scan used to visualize lung tissue
- used to look for lesions

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25
atelectasis
collpase of the lung
26
consodilation
filling of air spaces by anything other than air
27
pneumothroax
presence of air in the pleural cavity - leads to collapsed lung
28
respiratory distress syndrome
progressive respiratory distress soon after birth - pathogenesis: inadequate surfactant in the lungs - - alveoli do not expand normally during inspiration - collapse during expiration at risk groups = premature infants, infants delivered by C section, infants born to diabetic motherrs
29
cystic fibrosis
mutation in chloride channel - various passageways become plugged with thick mucus - bronchiectasis - hemoptysis - atelectasis
30
cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
pathologic dilation of airways due to weakening of walls - typically associated with repeated chronic infections - decrease ability to move mucus - distended bronchioles retain more mucus secretions - creates an environment for bacterial growth
31
cystic fibrosis treatment
medical maneuvers to improve mucus clearance - percussion immunizations bronchodilators antibiotics
32
pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs - alveoli leading cause of death in children and the elderly may be due to: - virus - bacteria (most common type) - fungi - mycoplasma
33
detection of pnuemonia
auscultation or chest x-ray
34
predisposing factors of pneumonia
any conditions associated with poor lung ventilation and rentention of bronchial secretions
35
post op pneumonia
accumulation of mucous secretions in bronchi
36
aspiration pneumonia
foreign body, food, vomit
37
obstructive lung diseases
occurs with partial impediment of flow of air from air spaces back into environment
38
obstructive lung diseases lead to
retention of carbon dioxide, decreased oxygenation of red blood cells
39
obstructive lung disease common symptoms
wheezing, cough, dyspnea, and tachypnea
40
types of obstructive disease
asthma and chronic obstructive airway disorders
41
copd
- 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S - group of disorders characterized by reduced airflow and impaired gas exchange - often associated with inflammatory condition of lungs progressive - increasing prevalence in U.S poor reversibly - most often associated with smoking
42
classifications of COPD
emphysema and chronic bronchitis
43
signs and symptoms of copd
large amount of mucus, coughing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, barrel chest
44
diagnosis of copd
spirometry - decreased FEV1 and decreased vital capacity
45
chronic bronchitis
COPD - inflammation of medium sized walls in bronchioles symptoms - persistent cough for at least three months/year in two consecutive years - excessive mucus - frequent respiratory infections are common
46
emphysema
copd - destruction of elastic walls of alveoli - abnormal, permanent enlargement of the alveoli - air trapping of carbon dioxide
47
COPD treatment
combination of interventions - smoking cessation is critical - steroids and bronchodilators are used - supplemental oxygen can be given (with caution) - antibiotics treat infection
48
complications of COPD
- respiratory failure - acidosis - arrhythmia due to hypoxia - right sided heart failure - more infections such as pneumonia - acute resp. failure - arrhythmia - lung cacner
49
asthma
reversible - bronchospasm clinical symptoms of attacks - dyspnea - chest tightness - wheezing most cases allergic basis - exposure to allergen - mast cells release inflammatory mediators - spasm smooth muscle attacks are precipitated by allergens: inhalation of dust, pollens, animal dander, etc.
50
treatment of asthma
- avoid the allergen - drugs that dilate the bronchial walls -- epinephrine, beta agonist inhalers - reduce inflammation - corticosteroid inhalers - drugs that block the release of mediators from mast cells
51
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
medical emergency diffuse alveolar damage - alveolar epithelium - vascular endothelium
52
causes of ARDS
numerous - fires, smoke inhalation - near drowning -lung surgery
53
result of ARDS
hypoxia - results in organ failure
54
treatment of ARDS
treatment of underlying conditions, supportive care (fluids), oxygen therapy
55
pulmonary embolism
vascular condition - potentially fatal condition - results when thrombi are pumped into the pulmonary arteries - presentation is variable - can cause sudden death
56
pulmonary hypertension
vascular conditions - increases pulmonary edema - leads to right side heart failure - average survival rates - 10 yrs following diagnosis - not a lot of treatment options
57
lung cancer
leading cause of cancer death in both women and men - most arise from stem cells in bronchial epithelium
58
classification of lung cancer
small cell - 15% of cancers - typically smokers - detected after metastasized - very poor prognosis non-small cell (NSCLC) - more localized
59
etiology of lung cancer
- cigarette smoking (80-90%) of lung cancers - non-smokers = 10-15% of lung cancer - radon gas - asbestos - pollution - second-hand smoke - genetics
60
why is lung cancer so deadly?
- 60% will die within the first year - little screening tests - smokers will get a yearly chest x-ray but chest x-rays aren't very sensitive - signs and symptoms common among a lot of disorders - unexplained cough, weight loss, loss of appetite - rich lymphatic and vascular network in lungs facilitates metastasis - a lot of blood supply so the cancer cells are able to travel much easier
61
lungs are the most common site of
metastatic cancer - breast - prostate - colon because of the vascular network
62
organ failure
occurs when gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane is compromised to the point where: - oxygen saturation is insufficient to support life - carbon dioxide is elevated to the point it causes acidosis of the extracellular environment numerous diseases can result in lung failure - atelectasis - ARDS - pulmonary edema - decreased respiratory activity resulting from trauma or opiate toxicity - drowning

understanding human disease (25 decks)

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