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understanding human disease > chap 11 - pulmonary system > Flashcards

chap 11 - pulmonary system Flashcards

1
Q

gas exchange

A

gasses diffuse between blood, tissues, and pulmonary alveoli due to differences in their partial pressues
- diffusion due to partial pressure = what is the pressure that is exerted by the gas, what is the concentration of the gas in the alveoli and in the blood

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2
Q

requirements for efficient gas exchange

A

large capillary surface area in contact with alveolar membrane, unimpeded diffusion across alveolar membrane, normal pulmonary blood flow, normal pulmonary alveoli

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3
Q

mucociliary escaltor

A
  • specialized epithelial lining of bronchial tree
  • mucus traps inhaled particles
  • cilia conveys upward toward moth, where it is swallowed
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4
Q

function

A

maintenance of acid/base balance
- normal plasma pH tightly controlled between 7.35 and 7.45
- acid-base balance is maintained in the lungs and kidneys

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5
Q

respiratory dysfunction can lead to acid/base disturbances

A

respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis

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6
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

caused by hypoventilation, opioids, alcohol, head trauma, more acidic = more hydrogen ions

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7
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

occurs with hyperventilation, decrease in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, blowing off co2, more basic and less hydrogen ions

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8
Q

pleural vacity

A

space between lungs and chest wall

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9
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure within pleural cavity - should be negative compared to the pressure in the lungs which helps to allow the lungs to fully expand
- normally lesser than intrapulmonary pressure
- vacuum - no air
- hold lungs open

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10
Q

lung cancer

A

most common cancer related deaths

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11
Q

pneumonia

A

bacterial or viral infection of air spaces of alveoli

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12
Q

most morbidity from lung disease can be attributed to

A

cigarette smoking

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13
Q

smoking also contributes to

A

coronary artery disease, gastric and peptic ulcers, kidney, bladder, and pancreatic cancer, miscarriage, and low birth weight

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14
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

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15
Q

apnea

A

no breathing

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16
Q

tachypnea

A

increased breathing rate

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17
Q

sputum

A

mucous

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18
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

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19
Q

cyanosis

A

decrease in oxygen or blood flow carrying the oxygen

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20
Q

tests of respiratory function

A

percussion, auscultation, spirometry, radiography

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21
Q

percussion

A

the lungs should sound hollow

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22
Q

auscultation

A

listening for crackling sounds, wheezing sounds

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23
Q

FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume
1 second - how much air is moved out in the first second

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24
Q

radiography

A

x-ray or CT scan used to visualize lung tissue
- used to look for lesions

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25
Q

atelectasis

A

collpase of the lung

26
Q

consodilation

A

filling of air spaces by anything other than air

27
Q

pneumothroax

A

presence of air in the pleural cavity
- leads to collapsed lung

28
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

progressive respiratory distress soon after birth
- pathogenesis: inadequate surfactant in the lungs
- - alveoli do not expand normally during inspiration
- collapse during expiration
at risk groups = premature infants, infants delivered by C section, infants born to diabetic motherrs

29
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

mutation in chloride channel
- various passageways become plugged with thick mucus
- bronchiectasis
- hemoptysis
- atelectasis

30
Q

cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis

A

pathologic dilation of airways due to weakening of walls
- typically associated with repeated chronic infections
- decrease ability to move mucus
- distended bronchioles retain more mucus secretions
- creates an environment for bacterial growth

31
Q

cystic fibrosis treatment

A

medical maneuvers to improve mucus clearance
- percussion
immunizations
bronchodilators
antibiotics

32
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lungs
- alveoli
leading cause of death in children and the elderly
may be due to:
- virus
- bacteria (most common type)
- fungi
- mycoplasma

33
Q

detection of pnuemonia

A

auscultation or chest x-ray

34
Q

predisposing factors of pneumonia

A

any conditions associated with poor lung ventilation and rentention of bronchial secretions

35
Q

post op pneumonia

A

accumulation of mucous secretions in bronchi

36
Q

aspiration pneumonia

A

foreign body, food, vomit

37
Q

obstructive lung diseases

A

occurs with partial impediment of flow of air from air spaces back into environment

38
Q

obstructive lung diseases lead to

A

retention of carbon dioxide, decreased oxygenation of red blood cells

39
Q

obstructive lung disease common symptoms

A

wheezing, cough, dyspnea, and tachypnea

40
Q

types of obstructive disease

A

asthma and chronic obstructive airway disorders

41
Q

copd

A
  • 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S
  • group of disorders characterized by reduced airflow and impaired gas exchange
  • often associated with inflammatory condition of lungs
    progressive
  • increasing prevalence in U.S
    poor reversibly
  • most often associated with smoking
42
Q

classifications of COPD

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

43
Q

signs and symptoms of copd

A

large amount of mucus, coughing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, barrel chest

44
Q

diagnosis of copd

A

spirometry
- decreased FEV1 and decreased vital capacity

45
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

COPD
- inflammation of medium sized walls in bronchioles
symptoms
- persistent cough for at least three months/year in two consecutive years
- excessive mucus
- frequent respiratory infections are common

46
Q

emphysema

A

copd
- destruction of elastic walls of alveoli
- abnormal, permanent enlargement of the alveoli
- air trapping of carbon dioxide

47
Q

COPD treatment

A

combination of interventions
- smoking cessation is critical
- steroids and bronchodilators are used
- supplemental oxygen can be given (with caution)
- antibiotics treat infection

48
Q

complications of COPD

A
  • respiratory failure
    • acidosis
    • arrhythmia due to hypoxia
  • right sided heart failure
  • more infections such as pneumonia
  • acute resp. failure
  • arrhythmia
  • lung cacner
49
Q

asthma

A

reversible
- bronchospasm
clinical symptoms of attacks
- dyspnea
- chest tightness
- wheezing
most cases allergic basis
- exposure to allergen
- mast cells release inflammatory mediators
- spasm smooth muscle
attacks are precipitated by allergens: inhalation of dust, pollens, animal dander, etc.

50
Q

treatment of asthma

A
  • avoid the allergen
  • drugs that dilate the bronchial walls – epinephrine, beta agonist inhalers
  • reduce inflammation - corticosteroid inhalers
  • drugs that block the release of mediators from mast cells
51
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

medical emergency
diffuse alveolar damage
- alveolar epithelium
- vascular endothelium

52
Q

causes of ARDS

A

numerous
- fires, smoke inhalation
- near drowning
-lung surgery

53
Q

result of ARDS

A

hypoxia
- results in organ failure

54
Q

treatment of ARDS

A

treatment of underlying conditions, supportive care (fluids), oxygen therapy

55
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

vascular condition
- potentially fatal condition
- results when thrombi are pumped into the pulmonary arteries
- presentation is variable
- can cause sudden death

56
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

vascular conditions
- increases pulmonary edema
- leads to right side heart failure
- average survival rates - 10 yrs following diagnosis
- not a lot of treatment options

57
Q

lung cancer

A

leading cause of cancer death in both women and men
- most arise from stem cells in bronchial epithelium

58
Q

classification of lung cancer

A

small cell - 15% of cancers
- typically smokers
- detected after metastasized
- very poor prognosis
non-small cell (NSCLC)
- more localized

59
Q

etiology of lung cancer

A
  • cigarette smoking (80-90%) of lung cancers
    • non-smokers = 10-15% of lung cancer
  • radon gas
  • asbestos
  • pollution
    • second-hand smoke
  • genetics
60
Q

why is lung cancer so deadly?

A
  • 60% will die within the first year
  • little screening tests - smokers will get a yearly chest x-ray but chest x-rays aren’t very sensitive
  • signs and symptoms common among a lot of disorders
    • unexplained cough, weight loss, loss of appetite
  • rich lymphatic and vascular network in lungs facilitates metastasis
    • a lot of blood supply so the cancer cells are able to travel much easier
61
Q

lungs are the most common site of

A

metastatic cancer
- breast
- prostate
- colon
because of the vascular network

62
Q

organ failure

A

occurs when gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane is compromised to the point where:
- oxygen saturation is insufficient to support life
- carbon dioxide is elevated to the point it causes acidosis of the extracellular environment
numerous diseases can result in lung failure
- atelectasis
- ARDS
- pulmonary edema
- decreased respiratory activity resulting from trauma or opiate toxicity
- drowning

understanding human disease (25 decks)

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