chap 26-27 - immunologic diseases

Question 1

leukocytes

Answer 1

Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes (PMN’s)
Eosinophils = important for parasites
Neutrophils = most numerous, mediate inflammation
Basophils = allergic reactions
Lymphocytes
T Cells
B Cells
Natural Killer Cells

Question 2

innate immunity

Answer 2

Always present
Does not distinguish between different microbes - just recognizes that it is foreign
Components include:
- Epithelial barriers - skin, saliva, tears
- Phagocytic cells - cells that eat bacteria
- Plasma proteins - blood borne infections
- Cell messenger molecules
- Cytokines = General term for chemical messengers involved in the immune process

Question 3

cells of the innate immune system

Answer 3

Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes (PMN’s)
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes(immature macrophage) /Macrophages
Natural Killer Cells = kill viral infected whole cells

Question 4

polymorphonuclear granulocytes

Answer 4

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Question 5

adaptive/acquired immunity

Answer 5

Characteristics:
Components:
Humoral Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Mounting a Response
Recognition
Activation
Attack

Question 6

humoral immunity

Answer 6

B Lymphocytes
Make Antibodies
Types of Antibodies:
How do antibodies work?
Neutralization
Mobilize other components of immune system

Question 7

t lymphocytes

Answer 7

Cellular Immune system
Main defense against viruses, fungi, parasites, and some bacteria
Mechanism by which body rejects transplanted organs
Eliminates cancer cells
Types of Lymphocytes
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor (Regulatory) T cells

Question 8

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 8

Antigen must first be “processed”and displayed on the cell membrane of the antigen presenting cell (APC)before activating T cells
Displaced on MHC proteins
APC
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
B cells

Question 9

role of major histocompatibility proteins (MHC)

Answer 9

MHC present processed antigen to responding cells of the immune system
Class Restriction
MHC Class I– present on all nucleated cells
Restricted to Cytotoxic T cells
MHC Class II– only on APC
Restricted to Helper T cells
Encoded by HLA genes

Question 10

microflora

Answer 10

Microorganisms normally living in or on your body
Some are useful
Many have no effect
Pathogens cause disease
All are capable of causing disease if your health and immunity are weakened
Opportunistic pathogens

Question 11

terminology

Answer 11

Virulence=
What contributes to virulence?
Secretion of Toxins: exotoxins and endotoxins
Adhesion factors help infective organism stick to the body
Evasive factors help keep immune system from killing infective agent
Contagion=spread of infection
Pathogens differ in ability to be contagious
Nosocomial=acquired in hospital

Question 12

spread of infection

Answer 12

Mode of transmission
Direct contact
Droplets
Ingestion
Indirect Contact
Fomites
Droplets
Vectors

Question 13

pathogens

Answer 13

Types of pathogens
Bacteria
Virus
Mycoplasma
Fungi
Parasites

Question 14

most frequent and serious infections and diseases

Answer 14

Respiratory infections
Upper respiratory infections, influenza, pneumonia, and bronchitis
Sexually transmitted disease
HIV/AIDS
Helminth infestations
Diarrheal diseases

Question 15

signs, symptoms, and tests

Answer 15

Many infectious diseases present as nonspecific syndromes characterized by:
Fever
Rapid pulse
Muscle aches
Malaise
Inflammation at site of infection
Most common tests used to identify a disease as infectious are not specific:
Measurement of body temperature
Elevated white blood cell counts
Elevated neutrophils: bacterial diseases
Elevated lymphocytes: some viral diseases
Elevated eosinophils: parasitic diseases

Question 16

bacteria

Answer 16

Cells without membrane-bound organelles (prokaryotes)
Can live independently
Use infected organism for food and shelter

Question 17

antibiotics

Answer 17

One of the great discoveries and advances in medicine
Mechanisms of Action
Inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall and cell membrane
Inhibits synthesis microbial proteins
Inhibits bacterial metabolic functions
Inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis

Question 18

viruses

Answer 18

Protein coat surrounding nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)
Have no metabolic enzymes of their own
Insert their genome into a host cell’s DNA
Use that cell’s metabolic machinery to make new viruses

Question 19

viral illness

Answer 19

Range from acute, self-limited, and rarely serious to lethal infections
Most common is the common cold
Most common deadly virus is HIV/AIDS
Some viruses can establish latency

Question 20

treatment for viral infections

Answer 20

Viral diseases do not respond to antibiotic therapy
Treatment resolves around supportive measures
Pharmaceutical antiviral agents are available for a few viruses, but are not as reliably effective against viruses as antibiotics are against bacteria
Immunization can help prevent viral disease

Question 21

coronavirus

Answer 21

What is a coronavirus?
Large group of viruses that cause disease in humans and animals
SARS CoV—2
Novel?
Origin?
Enters via ACE2 receptor
Effects on body

Question 22

HIV

Answer 22

Pathogenesis
Life cycle of HIV
HIV is transmitted sexually, and by direct inoculation through contaminated needles
and transfusion of infected blood products
Homosexual males at greatest risk in U.S.
Acute clinical illness develops 2 to 12 weeks after exposure

Question 23

AIDS

Answer 23

Progression of HIV infection
- Acute
- Latent
- Crisis
Characterized by Opportunistic Infections and Rare Neoplasms
Opportunistic Infections
- Candidiasis
- Tuberculosis
- Salmonella
- Herpes
Neoplasms
- Kaposi Sarcoma
- Lymphoma brain
Neurological symptoms
- Dementia
- Seizures
- Mood swings

Question 24

treatment of HIV

Answer 24

Goals
- Control virus
- Control other infections
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
- Suppress virus replication
- Act on different stages of life cycle of HIV
- Entry Inhibitors
- Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- Protease inhibitors (assembly of viral particles)
- Chemokine receptor antagonists
Increases latency period, may be indefinitely

Question 25

hypersensitivity

Answer 25

too much or inappropriate

Question 26

immunodeficiency

Answer 26

too little

Question 27

type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 27

Immediate Hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic
Atopic
Mediated by Preformed antibodies
IgE
Cells Involved
Mast Cells
Examples?

Question 28

gastrointestinal food allergies

Answer 28

Typically type 1 hypersensitivities
Primary allergic reactions in GI tract are less common than skin reactions
Reaction begins shortly after eating specific food to which person is allergic
Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps

Question 29

type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 29

Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Antibody directly attaches to antigen in target tissue
Target host cell rather than foreign antigen
Two types
Death of target cell
Killed by other components of immune system
Example = autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Question 30

type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 30

Immune complex hypersensitivity
Antigen and antibody combine to form immune complex
Deposition-induced inflammatory response
Blood vessels
Vasculitis
Kidney
Joints

Question 31

type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 31

Delayed hypersensitivity
T lymphocytes are sensitized and activated on second contact with same antigen
Steps
Antigen uptake, presentation by APC
Presentation to helper T cells
Memory T cells migrate to site
Second exposure = release mediators, attract other cells such as macrophages
Examples
Poison ivy
Metallic injury (jewelry)
Celiac disease
Contact dermatitis