chap 7

Question 1

blood pressure determined by

Answer 1

amount of blood flowing through vessels, resistance of vessels to blood flow

Question 2

capillaries

Answer 2

vessels lying between arteries and veins, consist of only an intimal layer, regulate fluid, electrolyte, and nutrient exchange between blood and extracellular space, can proliferate to help repair injured areas

Question 3

factors mediating exchange of nutrients across capillaries

Answer 3

1) hydrostatic pressure
2) osmotic pressure determined by amount of protein in fluid
3) integrity of endothelial cells

Question 4

edema

Answer 4

alterations in pressures and or vessels can lead to edema and effusion
- accumulation of fluid in tissues

Question 5

most common causes of edema

Answer 5

increase in hydrostatic pressure or decrease in osmotic pressure

Question 6

effusion

Answer 6

accumulation of fluid in body cavities

Question 7

pathogenesis of edema

Answer 7

increased capillary permeability
- causes swelling of tissues with acute inflammation
low plasma proteins
- excess protein loss (kidney disease)
- inadequate synthesis (malnutrition)
increased hydrostatic pressure
- heart failure
- localized venous obstruction
lymphatic obstruction

Question 8

clinical aspects of edema

Answer 8

result of underlying disease
can range from mild to severe and can be fatal

Question 9

signs, symptoms and tests

Answer 9

visualize localized swelling or puffiness, percussion to detect fluid in pleural cavity, sphygmomanometer for blood pressure, angiography, x-ray
dizziness or headaches

Question 10

hemangioma

Answer 10

local proliferations of capillaries

Question 11

lymphangioma

Answer 11

dilated masses of lymphatics

Question 12

arteriosclerosis

Answer 12

hardening of arteries

Question 13

artherosclerosis

Answer 13

inflammatory/degenerative disease
- accumulation of fatty deposits and scar tissue in intima of large and medium sized arteries
- atheroma
- plaque
leads to
- obstruction of lumen
- weakening of wall of vessel

Question 14

pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Answer 14

endothelial injury leads to endothelial dysfunction
- increased permeability
- macrophage migration
- induction of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Question 15

atherosclerotic plaques can cause harm by:

Answer 15

• narrowing lumen, causing ischemia in tissue
• weaken a vessel wall, forming an aneurysm, plaque can rupture and expose collagen that forms a thrombus which then can occulde the artery and cause tissue infarction

Question 16

atherosclerosis of coronary arteries

Answer 16

narrowing of lumen
heart attack

Question 17

atherosclerosis of abdominal aorta

Answer 17

asymptomatic, but can cause complications such as an aneurysm

Question 18

atherosclerosis risk factors

Answer 18

major
- elevated blood lipids
- hypertension
- smoking
- diabetes
-obesity
minor
- age
-gender
-stress
- family history

Question 19

treatment of atherosclerosis

Answer 19

involves preventing further lesions and preventing growth of existing lesions
- taking care of complications as they arise

Question 20

organs affected by hypertension

Answer 20

kidneys, heart, blood vessels, brain

Question 21

hypertension complications: aortic dissection

Answer 21

rapidly fatal
symptoms: ripping sensation in chest, dizziness

Question 22

hypertension treatment

Answer 22

increase physical activity
diet
- reducing salt
- increasing fruits and veg
medication
- diuretics
- angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

Question 23

thrombus

Answer 23

an abnormal intravascular clot; can occur in any vessel or within the heart

Question 24

embolus

Answer 24

a detached clot carried into pulmonary or systemic circulation
- plugs vessel of smaller diameter, blocking blood flow and causing necrosis

Question 25

venous thrombosis

Answer 25

thrombophlebitis
- clot formation in deep leg veins
causes
- prolonged bed rest
- cramped position for an extended period

Question 26

varicose veins

Answer 26

dilated, tortuous veins, sites: anus, legs
etiology = incompetent valves
common
- tend to run in families
- people who are on their feet a lot
complications
- pain
- visibility of vein

Question 27

shock

Answer 27

failure to maintain adequate blood pressure
- manifested by:
decreased blood pressure
increased heart rate
decreased urine output
altered states of consciousness
- often fatal

Question 28

cardiogenic shock

Answer 28

pump failure, cannot maintain perfusion pressure

Question 29

hemorrhagic shock

Answer 29

decreased blood volume

Question 30

sepsis

Answer 30

• systemic bacterial infection
• leads to massive vasodilation

Question 31

treatment for shock

Answer 31

removing inciting agent if possible, fluids, vasoconstricting agents, administer antibiotics, surgically repair bleeding arteries