chapter 1 Flashcards
leading causes of death in the U.S (adults)
Heart disease and cancer
disease
alteration of structure or function, any disturbance of function or structure of the body –> loss of homeostasis
acute
quick, onset
chronic
long term
etiology
cause of disease
structural (organic) disease
associated with structural changes –> gross examination and histologic examination
functional disease
no morphological abnormalities yet body functions are disturbed
ex: hypertension
structural diseases are caused by
a lesion that occurs in the body and causes a change in structure
are structural diseases genetic or debelopmental?
can be both
pathology
the study of structural and functional changes in the body as a result of disease
pathologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and classifying diseases by studying the morphology of cells and tissues
clinician
health care professional that care for patients
pathogenesis
how does a disease develop?
pathogen
organism causing disease
manifestation
expression of, physical result of disease
symptoms
subjective, reported by the patient
examples of symptoms
sore throat, headache, nausea
signs
objective, can be measured
examples of signs
fever, weight loss, disorientation
lesion
characteristic structural changes in organs and tissues as a result of disease
syndrome
collection of clinical signs and symptomes
predisposing
risk factors, more likely
examples of risk factors
genetics, age, environment, gender, lifestyle
categories of disease
vascular, infectious, neoplastic, degenerative, idiopathic, congenital, allergic, traumatic, endocrine, metabolic
vascular
high blood pressure, atheroscleorsis
infectious (inflammatory)
covid-19
neoplastic
plastic - ability to divide, neo-new
cancer
degenerative
deficiency
osteoporosis, scurvy, anemia
idiopathic
unknown casues
congenital
born with it
allergic/autoimmune
you know this
traumatic
sprain ankles, brain injuiries, etc.
endocrine
type I diabetes, thyroid diseases
metabolic
obesity, type II diabetes
exogenous causes
physical - trauma
chemical - drinking too much alcohol
microbiologic - infected with a virus
endogenous causes
vascular
immunologic - autoimmune
metabolic - no longer respond to insluin
iatrogenic disease
cause is unknown
nosocomial disease
acquired from hospital environment, usually bacterial
differential diagnosis
it could be one of a few things, narrowing it down to a few possible options which will help the clinician reach a diagnosis
why is making a diagnosis important
- improving the effectiveness of treatment
- predicting course of disease and outcome such as complications
- stop transmission in infectious diseases
complication
abnormal state that develops in person with a disease
prognosis
predicted course and outcome of disease
- chances for complete recovery, prediction of permanent loss of function, probability of survival
obstacles to caring for a patient
financial barriers, patient beliefs, lack of education, making a change can be difficult for patients, quality of care, lack of access, clinicians ability to understand disease processes, nature of particular diseases, time lag, standards of practice are not universally adhered to, bias
steps in the care of patients
1) clinician gathers facts
- history
- predisposing risk factors
- physical exam
- lab and diagnostic tests
2) interpret facts and make a diagnosis
- differential then diagnosis
- prognosis
3) treat the patient if feasible
4) follow up on results of treatment
- avoid complications
