chapter 1

Question 1

leading causes of death in the U.S (adults)

Answer 1

Heart disease and cancer

Question 2

disease

Answer 2

alteration of structure or function, any disturbance of function or structure of the body –> loss of homeostasis

Question 3

acute

Answer 3

quick, onset

Question 4

chronic

Answer 4

long term

Question 5

etiology

Answer 5

cause of disease

Question 6

structural (organic) disease

Answer 6

associated with structural changes –> gross examination and histologic examination

Question 7

functional disease

Answer 7

no morphological abnormalities yet body functions are disturbed
ex: hypertension

Question 8

structural diseases are caused by

Answer 8

a lesion that occurs in the body and causes a change in structure

Question 9

are structural diseases genetic or debelopmental?

Answer 9

can be both

Question 10

pathology

Answer 10

the study of structural and functional changes in the body as a result of disease

Question 11

pathologist

Answer 11

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and classifying diseases by studying the morphology of cells and tissues

Question 12

clinician

Answer 12

health care professional that care for patients

Question 13

pathogenesis

Answer 13

how does a disease develop?

Question 14

pathogen

Answer 14

organism causing disease

Question 15

manifestation

Answer 15

expression of, physical result of disease

Question 16

symptoms

Answer 16

subjective, reported by the patient

Question 17

examples of symptoms

Answer 17

sore throat, headache, nausea

Question 18

signs

Answer 18

objective, can be measured

Question 19

examples of signs

Answer 19

fever, weight loss, disorientation

Question 20

lesion

Answer 20

characteristic structural changes in organs and tissues as a result of disease

Question 21

syndrome

Answer 21

collection of clinical signs and symptomes

Question 22

predisposing

Answer 22

risk factors, more likely

Question 23

examples of risk factors

Answer 23

genetics, age, environment, gender, lifestyle

Question 24

categories of disease

Answer 24

vascular, infectious, neoplastic, degenerative, idiopathic, congenital, allergic, traumatic, endocrine, metabolic

Question 25

vascular

Answer 25

high blood pressure, atheroscleorsis

Question 26

infectious (inflammatory)

Answer 26

covid-19

Question 27

neoplastic

Answer 27

plastic - ability to divide, neo-new | cancer

Question 28

degenerative

Answer 28

deficiency | osteoporosis, scurvy, anemia

Question 29

idiopathic

Answer 29

unknown casues

Question 30

congenital

Answer 30

born with it

Question 31

allergic/autoimmune

Answer 31

you know this

Question 32

traumatic

Answer 32

sprain ankles, brain injuiries, etc.

Question 33

endocrine

Answer 33

type I diabetes, thyroid diseases

Question 34

metabolic

Answer 34

obesity, type II diabetes

Question 35

exogenous causes

Answer 35

physical - trauma chemical - drinking too much alcohol microbiologic - infected with a virus

Question 36

endogenous causes

Answer 36

vascular immunologic - autoimmune metabolic - no longer respond to insluin

Question 37

iatrogenic disease

Answer 37

cause is unknown

Question 38

nosocomial disease

Answer 38

acquired from hospital environment, usually bacterial

Question 39

differential diagnosis

Answer 39

it could be one of a few things, narrowing it down to a few possible options which will help the clinician reach a diagnosis

Question 40

why is making a diagnosis important

Answer 40

- improving the effectiveness of treatment - predicting course of disease and outcome such as complications - stop transmission in infectious diseases

Question 41

complication

Answer 41

abnormal state that develops in person with a disease

Question 42

prognosis

Answer 42

predicted course and outcome of disease | - chances for complete recovery, prediction of permanent loss of function, probability of survival

Question 43

obstacles to caring for a patient

Answer 43

financial barriers, patient beliefs, lack of education, making a change can be difficult for patients, quality of care, lack of access, clinicians ability to understand disease processes, nature of particular diseases, time lag, standards of practice are not universally adhered to, bias

Question 44

steps in the care of patients

Answer 44

1) clinician gathers facts - history - predisposing risk factors - physical exam - lab and diagnostic tests 2) interpret facts and make a diagnosis - differential then diagnosis - prognosis 3) treat the patient if feasible 4) follow up on results of treatment - avoid complications