chapter 3

Question 1

most diagnoses can be made from

Answer 1

detailed history and physical examinations

Question 2

detailed history

Answer 2

circumstances of emergence of problem, description of severity, quality, and timing of symptoms

Question 3

physical examination

Answer 3

visual inspection, inspection with specialized instruments

- auscultation, percussion and palpation

Question 4

history and physical examination are supplemented by

Answer 4

special procedures, radiologic tests, laboratory tests

Question 5

diagnosing diseases early requires regular

Answer 5

dental appointments, well-baby/child exams, yearly physicals

Question 6

screening

Answer 6

attempting to discover disease before it manifests

- goal is to cure or delay progression of disease

Question 7

screening techniques

Answer 7

patient history, physical examination, targeted laboratory and radiologic tests
- allows for treating in early stages

Question 8

to be a successful screening test

Answer 8

• suitable groups for screening - a significant number of persons must be at risk for the disease
• suitable screening tests - relatively inexpensive, noninvasive
• benefits of screening
• screening for genetic disease

Question 9

examples of preventable diseases

Answer 9

smallpox, measles, whooping cough, dental caries and periodontal disease

Question 10

methods of disease prevention

Answer 10

lifestyle and behavior changes, vaccination, public health improvments

Question 11

test

Answer 11

analysis performed on specimen removed from pateint

Question 12

procedure

Answer 12

involves some manipulation of patient beyond that usually done during physical examination

Question 13

diagnostic tests

Answer 13

any approach to gather information for making a clinical diagnosis

Question 14

what are diagnostic tests utilized for?

Answer 14

diagnosis to identify disease, monitoring treatment, screening, assessment of risk, prognosis, detection of complications

Question 15

accuracy

Answer 15

are the results of tests an indication of whats being measured

Question 16

precision

Answer 16

ability of test to provide same result every time it is used

Question 17

sensitivity

Answer 17

ability of test to be positive in the presence of disease

Question 18

highly sensitive tests

Answer 18

likely to come back with more false positives

Question 19

risk/benefit/cost ration

Answer 19

there should be a benefit if there is a cost

Question 20

extent of abnormality

Answer 20

disease is a continuum, degree of abnormality important, greater variance from normal, more likely disease is present (how far are you from the mean)

Question 21

disease vs health

Answer 21

presence or absence of disease, do not refer to signs or symptoms

Question 22

x-ray

Answer 22

differing absorption properties of tissues

cons: uses radiation

Question 23

computed tomography

Answer 23

3D X-RAY, good for imaging of internal organs

cons: high dose radiation, balance whether to order one or not

Question 24

magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 24

uses movement of hydrogen atoms to generate image
pros - does not use x-rays, sensitive
cons - might be claustrophobic, expensive, can’t use if patient has any metal in their body

Question 25

ultrasound

Answer 25

uses sound waves to view soft tissue structures. no radiation

Question 26

positron emission tomography

Answer 26

radioactive material is injected into the pateint, and the patient is scanned to determine where the material has settled

Question 27

endoscopy

Answer 27

non-surgical technique examining interior of body with flexible tube with a light

Question 28

laparoscopy

Answer 28

surgical technique to examine structures within peritoneal cavity

Question 29

cytology

Answer 29

visualizing cells

Question 30

autopsy

Answer 30

postmortem examination of a body to:

• make a final evaluation of nature and extent of disease
• determine cause of death
• important for observing and describing new diseases