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understanding human disease > chap 9 > Flashcards

chap 9 Flashcards

1
Q

cell and cell fragments

A

plasma (55%), buffy coat, hematocrit (45%)

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2
Q

what is most numerous cell type in blood

A

erthyrocytes

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3
Q

normal blood production

A

hematopoiesis

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4
Q

two main lineages

A

lymphoid and myeloid

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5
Q

lymphoid lineage

A

becomes a lymphocyte

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6
Q

myeloid lineage

A

becomes any other cell type then a lymphocyte

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7
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes
- function = carry oxygen
- hemoglobin = protein
structure
- 2 alpha globin chain
- 2 beta globin chain
- heme-mineral

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8
Q

erythopoiesis

A

formation and development of RBC
substances needed
- protein
- vitamin b12
- folic acid
- iron

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9
Q

red blood cell production

A

regulated by oxygen content of arterial blood
- live about 125 days and need to be removed after that

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10
Q

red blood cell removal

A

spleen and liver

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11
Q

erythropoietin

A

made and secreted by the kidneys in response to the number of red blood cells

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12
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes
types: granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes

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13
Q

granulocytes

A

full of granules
-> neutrophils (phagocytosis)
-> eosinophil (fighting against parasites), and basophils (allergic reactions)

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14
Q

monocytes

A

macrophages (phagocytosis and clean-up)

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15
Q

lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

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16
Q

platelets - cell fragments

A

cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocyte (found in bone marrow)
- no nucleus and only limited metabolic machinery
contain granules of chemical mediators of clotting and inflammation
- participate in hemostasis
- must be replaced continuously

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17
Q

most frequent and serious problems

A

anemia, altered WBC count, cancer of immune system

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18
Q

symptoms and signs

A

most symptoms are nonspecific
- anemia = headache and easily fatigability, loss of appetite and heartburn, shortness of breath, numbness and tingling, pica

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19
Q

lab tests for hematopoietic disease

A

complete blood count
- analysis of blood cells
- hematocrit
- hemoglobin
blood smear
biopsy of lymph nodes or bone marrow

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20
Q

-osis

A

increased numbers

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21
Q

-penia

A

decreased numbers

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22
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscle volume

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23
Q

MCHC

A

mean corpuscle hemoglobin content

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24
Q

normocytic anemia

A

normal size and appearance but they dont have the normal amount of hemoglobi

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25
Q

normocytic anemia

A

normal size and appearance but they dont have the normal amount of hemoglobin

26
Q

macrocytic anemia

A

cells larger than normal
- folic acid
- vitamin B12 deficiency

27
Q

microcytic anemia

A

cells smaller than normal

28
Q

hypochromic anemia

A

reduced hemoglobin content

29
Q

hypochromic microcytic anemia

A

smaller than normal and reduced hemoglobin content

30
Q

most common types of anemia

A

anemia associated with nutrient deficiencies, anemia associated with hemolytic anemia, anemia associated with disorder of the bone marrow

31
Q

iron deficient anemia

A

most common type
RBC = hypochromic microcytic anemia
pathogenesis
- inadequate iron intake in diet
- chronic blood loss
treatment
- treat the cause –> administer supplementary iron

32
Q

macrocytic anemia

A

deficiency of vitamin b12 or folic acid
- vitamin b12: animal products
- folic acid: green leafy
both required for normal hematopoiesis, DNA replication
- mature red cells formed are larger than normal or macrocytes

33
Q

pernicious anemia

A
  • lack of intrinsic factor results in macrocytic anemia
  • vitamin b12 in food combines with intrinsic factor in stomach
  • vitamin B12 intrinsic factor complex absorbed in ileum
    causes:
  • gastric resection and bypass -> vitamin B12 not absorbed
  • distal bowel resection or disease
  • may develop among elderly
  • autoimmune
34
Q

anemia of chronic disease

A

mild suppression of bone marrow function

35
Q

aplastic anemia

A

atrophy of bone marrow
- injured by chemicals or autoantibodies

36
Q

myelophthisic anemia

A

bone marrow infiltrated by tumor or replaced by fibrous tissue

37
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

premature destruction of RBC
- characteristics
- active bone marrow, increased EPO, increase reticulocytes
causes
- genetic defects or non-genetic

38
Q

sickle cell disease

A

genetic = HbS
- pathogenic = mutation
autosomal recessive
- missense mutation in beta globin chain
- RBC sickle
- microinfarcts

39
Q

thalassemia

A

genetic
- effects synthesis of normal adult hemoglobin
autosomal recessive
severe complications include overloading the heart

40
Q

acquired hemolytic anemia

A

autoimmune
- attacked and destroyed by antibodies
- destruction of red cells by mechanical trauma
- passing through enlarged spleen

41
Q

diagnostic evaluation of anemia

A
  • history and physical examination
  • Complete blood count to assess degree of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
  • Blood smear to determine if normocytic, macrocytic, or hypochromic microcytic
  • Reticulocyte count to assess rate of production of new red cells
  • Lab tests to determine iron, B12, folic acid levels
  • Bone marrow study to study characteristic abnormalities in marrow cells
  • Evaluation of blood loss from gastrointestinal tract to localize site of bleeding
42
Q

types of primary polycythemia

A

bone marrow malignacy, overproduction of red cells, white cells, and platelets

43
Q

types of secondary polycythemia

A

outside of bone marrow, reduced arterial oxygen saturation leads to compensatory increase in red blood cells
- lung cancer
- life at altitude
- increase in EPO

44
Q

primary polycythemia treatment

A

treated by drugs that suppress marrow function

45
Q

secondary polycythemia treatment

A

periodic removal of excess blood

46
Q

leukocytosis

A

higher counts than normal
- normal protective physiologic response to stressors

47
Q

leukopenia

A

counts lower than normal
- always abnormal
- low WBC count predisposes to infections

48
Q

infections of lymphocytes

A

infectious mononucleosis
- acute, self-limiting infection of B lymphocytes transmitted by saliva through personal contact
- characterized by enlarged, tender lymph nodes
- caused by the epstein-barr virus

49
Q

leukemias

A

malignant disease involving WBC precursors in bone marrow
- myeloid
- lymphoid
uncontrolled proliferation of malignant
classification by maturity and cell type
- most common types are granulocytic, lymphocytic, monocytic

50
Q

clinical features of leukemia

A

manifestation caused by impairment of bone marrow function
- leukemic cells crowd out normal cells causing
- anemia
- thrombocytopenia
- infections from inadequate number of normal white cells
- usually produce high white blood cells count in peripheral blood = blasts

51
Q

signs and symptoms of leukemias

A

recurrent infections, generalized weakness, anemia, bleeding

52
Q

treatment for leukemias

A

chemotherapy

53
Q

diagnosis in leukemia

A

biopsy of bone marrow
blood smear

54
Q

types of leukemias

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia

55
Q

lymphoma

A

diverse group of cancers affecting B or T lymphocytes
- most have B cell phenotypes
- usually malignant cells not present in blood
often present as solid tumor of lymphoid cells
- affects any age group
- malignant cells often infiltrate lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, or bone marrow, but many also involve other organs
- two categories

56
Q

non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

risk increases with age, 6th most common cancer in U.S, cancer cells can spill over into blood; present as leukemia
- involve lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, but can be extranodal origin

57
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • most common malignant neoplasms of americans 10-30 yrs/age
  • characterized by reed-sternberg cells
    • B cells gone awry
    • epstein barr virus
58
Q

treatment of leukemia and lymphoma

A

treatment depends on: age, severity, and specific type
- chemotherapy and radiation often first line of defense
- cancer may become resistant
- HSC stem cell transplantation
- source?
- need to match HLA

59
Q

myeloma

A

malignant disease of plasma cells
- the tumor may be solitary or multifocal
- most patients older than 45 years
- malignant plasma cells proliferate in bone marrow
- functionally useless antibodies
- breakdown of antibodies
- light chain toxic to kidneys
- impaired humoral immunity
- hypogammaglobulinemia
- anemia
- most common cause of death infection or renal failure

60
Q

idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)

A

primary
- associated with platelet antibodies
- bone marrow produces platelets, but they are rapdily destroyed

61
Q

secondary thrombocytopenia

A

damage to bone marrow from drugs or chemicals, bone marrow infiltration by leukemic cells or metastatic carcinoma

understanding human disease (25 decks)

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