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understanding human disease > chap 9 > Flashcards

chap 9 Flashcards

1
Q

cell and cell fragments

A

plasma (55%), buffy coat, hematocrit (45%)

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2
Q

what is most numerous cell type in blood

A

erthyrocytes

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3
Q

normal blood production

A

hematopoiesis

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4
Q

two main lineages

A

lymphoid and myeloid

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5
Q

lymphoid lineage

A

becomes a lymphocyte

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6
Q

myeloid lineage

A

becomes any other cell type then a lymphocyte

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7
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes
- function = carry oxygen
- hemoglobin = protein
structure
- 2 alpha globin chain
- 2 beta globin chain
- heme-mineral

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8
Q

erythopoiesis

A

formation and development of RBC
substances needed
- protein
- vitamin b12
- folic acid
- iron

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9
Q

red blood cell production

A

regulated by oxygen content of arterial blood
- live about 125 days and need to be removed after that

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10
Q

red blood cell removal

A

spleen and liver

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11
Q

erythropoietin

A

made and secreted by the kidneys in response to the number of red blood cells

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12
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes
types: granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes

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13
Q

granulocytes

A

full of granules
-> neutrophils (phagocytosis)
-> eosinophil (fighting against parasites), and basophils (allergic reactions)

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14
Q

monocytes

A

macrophages (phagocytosis and clean-up)

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15
Q

lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

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16
Q

platelets - cell fragments

A

cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocyte (found in bone marrow)
- no nucleus and only limited metabolic machinery
contain granules of chemical mediators of clotting and inflammation
- participate in hemostasis
- must be replaced continuously

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17
Q

most frequent and serious problems

A

anemia, altered WBC count, cancer of immune system

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18
Q

symptoms and signs

A

most symptoms are nonspecific
- anemia = headache and easily fatigability, loss of appetite and heartburn, shortness of breath, numbness and tingling, pica

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19
Q

lab tests for hematopoietic disease

A

complete blood count
- analysis of blood cells
- hematocrit
- hemoglobin
blood smear
biopsy of lymph nodes or bone marrow

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20
Q

-osis

A

increased numbers

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21
Q

-penia

A

decreased numbers

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22
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscle volume

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23
Q

MCHC

A

mean corpuscle hemoglobin content

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24
Q

normocytic anemia

A

normal size and appearance but they dont have the normal amount of hemoglobi

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25
normocytic anemia
normal size and appearance but they dont have the normal amount of hemoglobin
26
macrocytic anemia
cells larger than normal - folic acid - vitamin B12 deficiency
27
microcytic anemia
cells smaller than normal
28
hypochromic anemia
reduced hemoglobin content
29
hypochromic microcytic anemia
smaller than normal and reduced hemoglobin content
30
most common types of anemia
anemia associated with nutrient deficiencies, anemia associated with hemolytic anemia, anemia associated with disorder of the bone marrow
31
iron deficient anemia
most common type RBC = hypochromic microcytic anemia pathogenesis - inadequate iron intake in diet - chronic blood loss treatment - treat the cause --> administer supplementary iron
32
macrocytic anemia
deficiency of vitamin b12 or folic acid - vitamin b12: animal products - folic acid: green leafy both required for normal hematopoiesis, DNA replication - mature red cells formed are larger than normal or macrocytes
33
pernicious anemia
- lack of intrinsic factor results in macrocytic anemia - vitamin b12 in food combines with intrinsic factor in stomach - vitamin B12 intrinsic factor complex absorbed in ileum causes: - gastric resection and bypass -> vitamin B12 not absorbed - distal bowel resection or disease - may develop among elderly - autoimmune
34
anemia of chronic disease
mild suppression of bone marrow function
35
aplastic anemia
atrophy of bone marrow - injured by chemicals or autoantibodies
36
myelophthisic anemia
bone marrow infiltrated by tumor or replaced by fibrous tissue
37
hemolytic anemia
premature destruction of RBC - characteristics - active bone marrow, increased EPO, increase reticulocytes causes - genetic defects or non-genetic
38
sickle cell disease
genetic = HbS - pathogenic = mutation autosomal recessive - missense mutation in beta globin chain - RBC sickle - microinfarcts
39
thalassemia
genetic - effects synthesis of normal adult hemoglobin autosomal recessive severe complications include overloading the heart
40
acquired hemolytic anemia
autoimmune - attacked and destroyed by antibodies - destruction of red cells by mechanical trauma - passing through enlarged spleen
41
diagnostic evaluation of anemia
- history and physical examination - Complete blood count to assess degree of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia - Blood smear to determine if normocytic, macrocytic, or hypochromic microcytic - Reticulocyte count to assess rate of production of new red cells - Lab tests to determine iron, B12, folic acid levels - Bone marrow study to study characteristic abnormalities in marrow cells - Evaluation of blood loss from gastrointestinal tract to localize site of bleeding
42
types of primary polycythemia
bone marrow malignacy, overproduction of red cells, white cells, and platelets
43
types of secondary polycythemia
outside of bone marrow, reduced arterial oxygen saturation leads to compensatory increase in red blood cells - lung cancer - life at altitude - increase in EPO
44
primary polycythemia treatment
treated by drugs that suppress marrow function
45
secondary polycythemia treatment
periodic removal of excess blood
46
leukocytosis
higher counts than normal - normal protective physiologic response to stressors
47
leukopenia
counts lower than normal - always abnormal - low WBC count predisposes to infections
48
infections of lymphocytes
infectious mononucleosis - acute, self-limiting infection of B lymphocytes transmitted by saliva through personal contact - characterized by enlarged, tender lymph nodes - caused by the epstein-barr virus
49
leukemias
malignant disease involving WBC precursors in bone marrow - myeloid - lymphoid uncontrolled proliferation of malignant classification by maturity and cell type - most common types are granulocytic, lymphocytic, monocytic
50
clinical features of leukemia
manifestation caused by impairment of bone marrow function - leukemic cells crowd out normal cells causing - anemia - thrombocytopenia - infections from inadequate number of normal white cells - usually produce high white blood cells count in peripheral blood = blasts
51
signs and symptoms of leukemias
recurrent infections, generalized weakness, anemia, bleeding
52
treatment for leukemias
chemotherapy
53
diagnosis in leukemia
biopsy of bone marrow blood smear
54
types of leukemias
acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
55
lymphoma
diverse group of cancers affecting B or T lymphocytes - most have B cell phenotypes - usually malignant cells not present in blood often present as solid tumor of lymphoid cells - affects any age group - malignant cells often infiltrate lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, or bone marrow, but many also involve other organs - two categories
56
non-hodgkin's lymphoma
risk increases with age, 6th most common cancer in U.S, cancer cells can spill over into blood; present as leukemia - involve lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, but can be extranodal origin
57
Hodgkin's lymphoma
- most common malignant neoplasms of americans 10-30 yrs/age - characterized by reed-sternberg cells - B cells gone awry - epstein barr virus
58
treatment of leukemia and lymphoma
treatment depends on: age, severity, and specific type - chemotherapy and radiation often first line of defense - cancer may become resistant - HSC stem cell transplantation - source? - need to match HLA
59
myeloma
malignant disease of plasma cells - the tumor may be solitary or multifocal - most patients older than 45 years - malignant plasma cells proliferate in bone marrow - functionally useless antibodies - breakdown of antibodies - light chain toxic to kidneys - impaired humoral immunity - hypogammaglobulinemia - anemia - most common cause of death infection or renal failure
60
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)
primary - associated with platelet antibodies - bone marrow produces platelets, but they are rapdily destroyed
61
secondary thrombocytopenia
damage to bone marrow from drugs or chemicals, bone marrow infiltration by leukemic cells or metastatic carcinoma

understanding human disease (25 decks)

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