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understanding human disease > chap 12 - oral region, upper respiratory tract, and ear disorders > Flashcards

chap 12 - oral region, upper respiratory tract, and ear disorders Flashcards

1
Q

oral cavity

A

includes teeth, tongue, and walls of the mouth
- part of the digestive, respiratory, and sensory systems and allows speech

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2
Q

salivary glands

A

lubrication and amylase

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3
Q

nose

A

moisturizes and filters inhaled air and smell

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4
Q

sinuses

A

connected system of hollow cavities in cranial bones
- lined of respiratory mucosa continuous with nose
- main function is to produce mucus

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5
Q

pharynx

A

passageway for air, provides musculature for swallowing
contains: opening of eustachian tubes

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6
Q

larynx

A

major air passage to the lungs
- contains the vocal cords

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7
Q

epiglottis

A

folds over the larynx during swallowing to prevent aspiration into the trachea

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8
Q

ear

A

detects sounds and aids equilibrium
contains:
- vestibular apparatus
- ossicles
- bones in middle ear
- tympanic membrane
- cochlea

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9
Q

deglutition

A

act of swallowing - transport of bolus of food from mouth to stomach
- complex reflex – coordinated in the brain
- involuntary once started

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10
Q

3 phases of deglutition

A

oropharyngeal - pharynx and mouth
esophageal - esophagus
gastroesophageal - esophagus to the stomach

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11
Q

most frequent and serious problems

A

dental problems, upper respiratory infections, otitis media, allergies, and cancer

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12
Q

dental caries

A

cavities

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13
Q

dental conditions detected through

A

visual and periodic radiologic examination

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14
Q

ear

A

examined with otoscope

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15
Q

enlarged lymph nodes and salivary nodules

A

detected through palpation

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16
Q

radiographic techniques

A

x-rays in dental offices
CT scans for assessing sinus inflammation and tracing the extent of tumors

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17
Q

cleft lip and cleft palate

A

genetic/developmental disease
- lip and cleft palate do not form correctly
- affects 1 in 750 births
- multifactorial
- genetics = chromosomal abnormalities
- environment = viral, smoking
- problems are: cosmetic, dental, speech, swallowing, hearing and facial growth
prenatal diagnosis with ultrasound at 12 weeks
- surgical repair

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18
Q

disorders of the oral cavity

A

dental caries, plaque, tartar, gingivitis, periodontitis

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19
Q

plaque

A

bacterial accumulation

20
Q

tartar

A

calcified plaque

21
Q

periodontitis

A

inflammation of the periodontia

22
Q

cold sores

A

due to herpes simplex virus (HSV 1)
- blister like lesions on face or inside of the mouth - painful
- very contagious
- can lie dormant in nervous tissue
- reactivation
- usually occurs under stress

23
Q

canker sores

A

aphthous stomatitis
- painful open sore inside mouth
- gradually heal in 7 to 10 days
- cause?
- not contagious

24
Q

upper respiratory infection

A

most commonly caused by viruses
contagious - spread by coughing and sneezing

25
Q

upper respiratory infection clinical presentation

A
  • sore throat (pharyngitis)
  • nasal discharge (rhinitis)
  • headache
  • fever
  • fatigue
  • other symptoms may also be present
    usually self-limiting
26
Q

upper respiratory infections in children and older adults

A

may have serious complications
- predisposes children to otitis media
- enlarged tonsils may partially obstruct breathing
- can lead to pneumonia in older adults

27
Q

sinusitis

A

inflammation of the respiratory mucosa lining sinus cavities
- can become blocked and filled with fluid and mucous
- reservoir for bacteria and fungi
can be acute or chronic

28
Q

symptoms of sinusitis

A

nasal congestion, headaches, facial pain, thick and discolored mucoid nasal discharge, postnasal drainage

29
Q

acute sinutis

A

lasts less than 1 month and is self-limiting

30
Q

chronic sinutis

A

persists or is recurrent - often difficult to treat
- antibiotics/antifungals cannot always clear the infection
- steroid therapy may reduce inflammation
- surgery can sometimes be helpful

31
Q

allergic rhinitis

A

allergic response to environmental antigens
- numerous known triggers: various pollens, grass, dusts, animal
symptoms similar to common cold
- runny nose, scratchy throat and itchy eyes
neither serious nor fatal but can cause significant discomfort and morbidity
treatment:
- antihistamine
- decongestants
- eye drops
- desensitization therapy

32
Q

otitis media

A

inflammation of the middle ear
- most common in infants and young children with URIs
- accumulated fluid in the middle ear provides a fertile culture medium for bacteria
causes severe pain
- commonly accompanied by irritability and fever

33
Q

hearing loss

A

variety of causes
- genetic
- infectious
- degenerative
- traumatic
- often iatrogenic (side effect of medical treatment)
generally classified as either sensorineural or conductive

34
Q

sensorinueral

A

damaged cochlea and/or auditory nerve

35
Q

conductive

A

damaged ear canal

36
Q

presbycusis

A

hearing loss occurring with increasing age
- commonly begins in high frequencies
- usually symmetrical
- associated with tinnitus
- generally attributed to nonspecific degeneration of hearing apparatus

37
Q

presbycusis treated by

A

hearing aids or cochlear implants

38
Q

hearing aids

A

work by amplifying sound waves
often avoided because they
- can be uncomfortable and unsightly
- rapidly fill with cerumen
- require costly batteries
many patients complain that they do not make speech any cleaner to recognize

39
Q

carcinoma of the oral cavity

A

squamous cell carcinoma
- arises from the epithelium
- lips, cheek, tongue, palate, back of throat
most common primary neoplasm of the head and neck region

40
Q

carcinomas of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx are associated with

A

significant morbidity and mortality
- excision leaves loss of function
- deeper in the throat, it can cause hoarsness, pain, or difficulty swallowing
- on the palate, it causes obstruction of the nasopharyngeal passages

41
Q

how may carcinoma of the oral cavity be detected

A

luekoplakia on the tongue

42
Q

loss of ability to masticate comes with

A

loss of teeth, extensive cancer operations, severe congenital abnormaitiles

43
Q

disorders of oral region, URT, and ear complications

A
  • maintaining caloric intake may become difficult, impaired deglutition, sleep apnea
44
Q

impaired deglutition may result from

A

neuromuscular diseases, cerebrovascular accident, extensive cancer, age

45
Q

impaired deglutition can increase the risk for

A

aspiration pneumonia

46
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

patient repeatedly stops breathing during sleep
- caused by collapse of pharyngeal passages when the patient is relaxed and supine

understanding human disease (25 decks)

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