Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

understanding human disease > chap 13 - GI tract > Flashcards

chap 13 - GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

GI tract includes

A

oropharynx (mouth, salivary glands, pharynx)
alimentary tract (esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus)
pancreaticobiliary tract (liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

function of the GI tract

A
  • digestion
  • motility
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • storage and elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

microanatomy of GI trat wall

A

have some endocrine cells that secrete hormones throughout these walls
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bacteria in GI tract

A

majority found in the large intestine
- facilitate the digestion of certain carbohydrates
- break down fibers (the body doesn’t make an enzyme that can)
- influence development and responsiveness of GI immune system
- metabolize certain drugs to active metabolites = so the drugs don’t harm our bodies
- produce nutrients such as folate and vitamin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

viral enterists

A

viral = virus -itis= inflammation, enteric = gut
- also known as intestinal flu or stomach flu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

most frequent and serious problems of the GI tract

A

constipation, diarrhea, viral enteritis, diverticulosis, GERD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

signs and symptoms of GI disorder

A

anorexia, altered motility, vomiting, nausea, constipation, diarrhea, retching, dysphagia, bleeding, lack of GI movement, hematemesis, melena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anorexia

A

loss of appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

altered motility

A

going the wrong way (vomiting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nausea

A

a subjective experience associated with a number of conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

retching

A

nonproductive vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

melena

A

black tarry stool
- bleeding goes through all of the GI tract and is metabolized by bacteria which causes the change in appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

upper GI bleeding

A

stomach and above
- hematemesis and melena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

lower GI bleeding

A

small and large intestines
- hematochezia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

occult fecal blood

A

blood in stool not noticed by individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

tests of GI tract

A

gastric analysis - measurement of stomach acid
tests
tests on gastrointestinal contents, blood, and urine
- evaluate absorption of GI tract
fecal culture - looking at the bacteria that is present
endoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy
radiologic techniques - upper GI series, barium enema, CT scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

genetic/developmental diseases

A

usually due to embryonic malformations
- typically surgically correctable
examples: congenital pyloric stenosis, hirschsprung disease, hernias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

congenital pyloric stenosis

A

narrowing of outlet of distal stomach resulting from hypertrophy of pyloric muscle
- cause is unknown
projectile vomiting after feeding begins 2 to 4 weeks after birth
- occurs almost exclusively in boys
- pyloric sphincter (in the stomach), stenosis = narrowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hirschsprung disease

A

lack of ganglion cells in rectum results in defects bowel movement and megacolon - problem during development
- don’t develop the parasympathetic nervous system in the digestive system “rest and digest”
- suspected in infants with chronic constipation and distended abdomen
- requires surgical removal of aganglionic segment and reattachment of normal bowl
- not able to have a bowel movement = progresses to megacolon ( a huge colon, the undigested food matter stays in the colon cause it has no way of exiting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hernias

A

bulging of organ or tissue through an abdominal opening
- named based on where they are located
if trapped, may get ischemic and infarct (due to decreased blood flow)
types: inguinal, hiatal, epigastric and umbilical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

inguinal hernia

A

inguinal canal, near the groin area, primarily found in males
- outpouching of abdominal content into groin
- danger of bowel strangulation
surgical repair recommended before complications occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hiatal hernia

A

more common with age because the abdominal muscles get weak with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

epigastric and umbilical hernia

A

found in infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

reflux esophagitis

A

inflammation of the esophagus, main job is to get the bolus of food into the stomach
can present with:
- dysphagia
- pain
- bleeding
- regurgitation of food into the trachea
- choking and coughing

27
Q

types of reflux esophagitis

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease and laryngopharyngeal reflex

28
Q

predisposing factors of reflux esophagitis

A

obesity, diet, bulimia, age (the spincter is less tight as you age), alcohol (loosens the sphincter), pregnancy (baby pushes on everything), laying down right after eating

29
Q

reflux esophagitis is a risk factor for

A

acidity can break down and harm the esophagus

30
Q

persistent severe reflex can lead to

A

barrett’s esophagus
- metaplasia – dysplasia => esophageal cancer

31
Q

GERD vs. heartburn

A

GERD = reflux more than two times a week
heartburn is more acute

32
Q

treatment of GERD

A

avoid foods that increase acidic reflux
medications that reduce acid production
- proton pump inhibitors = less hydrochloric acid, the pH goes up a little bit, less irritation to the esophagus
avoid lying down after eating

33
Q

gastritis

A

Acute injury to gastric mucosa caused by agents that compromise the protective mucous barrier lying over the epithelial cells
Inflammation of the stomach
Causes lesions in the protective mucus that lines the stomach
May be associated with bleeding
symptoms:
- nausea
- vomiting
- epigastric pain

34
Q

types of gastritis

A

acute and chronic

35
Q

acute gastritis

A
  • non steroidal anti inflammatories
  • alcohol
36
Q

chronic gastritis

A

autoimmune - Parietal cells - make the hydrochloric acid
- Helicobacter Pylori - bacteria that infects the stomach and can lead to chronic gastritis

37
Q

helicobacter pylori

A

Most prevalent infectious agent worldwide
Infections More Frequent With Age - we produce less hydrochloric acid
Adapts to low pH of stomach - the pH level kills bacteria and helps to breakdown food
Testing
Antibodies detected in blood
Breath test
Stomach biopsy - endoscopy
Risk Factor for:
Ulcer - peptic ulcer just means an increase in the acid that causes irritation
Stomach cancer

38
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

A break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum
Leading cause?
H. Pylori

39
Q

symptoms of peptic ulcer disease

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Gnawing or burning upper-abdominal pain
  • Weight loss with decreased caloric intake
40
Q

complications of peptic ulcer disease

A
  • Internal bleeding
    • Anemia (what kind?) iron-deficiency anemia
  • Penetration into the pancreas: acute pancreatitis
  • Perforation leading to infection, peritonitis
41
Q

treatments for peptic ulcer disease

A

antibiotics
revolves around:
- Decreasing acid secretion
- Eliminating cofactors that led to development of ulcers - test for h. Pylori, if not there then what else could have caused it? NSAIDS taken on an empty stomach?
- Recurrences are common
- Some patients require surgical intervention

42
Q

malabsorption

A

Failure to digest and/or absorb food
Caused by disease processes that impair enzyme activity and absorption of nutrients across the gastrointestinal epithelium

43
Q

potential causes of malabsorption

A

Lactase deficiency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Pancreatic insufficiency
Pancreatic Enzymes
Bile salt deficiency
Celiac Disease

44
Q

lactose intolerance

A

malabsorption
- Deficiency of lactase - enzyme that breaks down lactose
- Needs to be broken down into galactose and glucose and then those can be absorbed into the GI tract
- Brush boarder enzyme - right on the microvilli of the intestine
- Lactose stays and then moves into the large intestine → the bacteria will metabolize the lactose and ferment it which draws water into the large intestine which leads to diarrhea
- Symptoms: bloating, diarrhea, GI tract upset
- Treatment? Cut out dairy products (not the best option), oral enzyme supplements, or you can buy milk products meant for those who are lactose intolerant

45
Q

celiac disease

A

malabsorption
- Autoimmune disease
- Allergy to gluten – Gluten? Protein that plants use (found in wheat, barley, and rye)
- Affect villus of small intestine
Symptoms
- Abdominal pain, bloating, gas
- Fat in stool - not absorbing the fat so it stays in the lumen
- Weight loss
- Malnutrition
- Constipation
- Treatment? Cut out gluten

46
Q

enterocolitis

A

inflammatory
Causes
- Pathogens
- Virus
Rotavirus = children
Norovirus = adults
Bacteria= less common, more severe
E. coli
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Can happen from food contamination, not washing your hands after handling meat, etc.
Symptoms
Diarrhea
Vomiting
What someone might call the stomach flu
Leads to diarrhea = increase in volume of stool or frequency of defecation (3x/day)
2nd leading cause of death in children under 5

47
Q

enterocolitis

A

inflammatory
Causes
- Pathogens
- Virus
- Rotavirus = children
- Norovirus = adults
- Bacteria= less common, more severe
- E. coli
- Salmonella
- Campylobacter
- Can happen from food contamination, not washing your hands after handling meat, etc.
Symptoms
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- What someone might call the stomach flu
- Leads to diarrhea = increase in volume of stool or frequency of defecation (3x/day)
- 2nd leading cause of death in children under 5

48
Q

appendicitis

A
  • Appendix: hangs of the beginning of the large intestine, kind of part of the immune system, collection of white blood cells
  • More common in teenagers and young adults
  • Inflammation of the appendix
    - Medical Emergency
    - If it bursts all the bacteria of the large intestine is released into the abdominal cavity and can lead to sepsis
  • Possible causes
    - Infection,Obstruction
    Typical Presentation
  • Right Lower Quadrant Pain
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Fever
    Most serious complication is peritonitis - inflammation of the peritoneum (the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity)
49
Q

inflammatory bowel diseases

A

crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

50
Q

characteristics of inflammatory bowel diseases

A
  • Episodic bloody diarrhea
  • Crampy abdominal pain
  • Inappropriate immune response - the immune system is causing the inflammation but it is not considered to be autoimmune
  • Family History
  • Peak Age 15-30
  • Involvement of extraintestinal tissues - tissues that are outside of the small and large intestine
51
Q

treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases

A

Anti-inflammatories
Decrease activity of immune system
Resection - last resort

52
Q

crohn’s disease

A

Patchy - patches of inflammation not a whole segment
Mouth to Anus
Transmural = across the GI tract – the mucosa, submucosa, etc.
Risk Factors
Caucasian
Female
Smokers

53
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

Limited to?
Mucosa only - the inflammation does not go across the whole wall of the intestine
Colitis = inflammation of the colon, only in the colon

54
Q

disturbances of colon and anus: diverticulosis and diverticulosis

A
  • Small Pouches That Push out in weak spots in colon wall - outpouching
  • Found almost exclusively in sigmoid colon
  • Diverticulosis usually asymptomatic
  • If It Becomes Inflamed, diverticulitis
    - inflammation of diverticulosis - occurs mostly in the sigmoid colon
    Complications
  • Pain
  • Bleeding Abscess
  • Perforation
55
Q

periotinitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum - membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
Types
Infectious
usually due to bacteria from bowel due to perforation
Sterile
due to chemical irritation as when enzymes spill on peritoneum
Could be from an ulcer that drips enzymes or chemicals from other organs onto the peritoneum
Once healed, may produce adhesions - scar tissue on the intestine, adhesions don’t allow the small intestines to slide against each other as much, lack of movement during digestion can become dangerous

56
Q

infectious peritonitis

A

usually due to bacteria from bowel due to perforation

57
Q

sterile periotonitis

A

due to chemical irritation as when enzymes spill on peritoneum
Could be from an ulcer that drips enzymes or chemicals from other organs onto the peritoneum

58
Q

neoplastic diseases

A

GI tract cancers include cancers of the:
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon
Anus
Colon cancer accounts for the majority of GI tract cancers
Typically aren’t found till stage four

59
Q

esophageal carcinoma

A

Arise From Epithelial - the epithelium that lines the esophagus
Risk Factors:
Tobacco use
Alcohol use
GERD
Poor Prognosis
Tends to invade & metastasize early - and you don’t catch it in time, there isn’t a screening test for esophageal cancer
May present with dysphagia but this would be caught later

60
Q

gastric carcinoma

A

Worldwide as deadly as lung cancer (#1 in U.S)
Epithelial tissue lining the stomach
Risk factors
H. pylori & chronic gastritis
Diet high in smoked, pickled, or salt-preserved food
Gastric cancer is highly prevalent in Japan because their diets are high in these food
Diet low in fresh fruit & vegetables
Usually asymptomatic until advanced

61
Q

neoplasms of the colon and anus

A

Tumors of small bowel are uncommon
Most are premalignant
Takes years to become fully malignant
Most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas
Make and release mucus
One of the most curable cancers if detected early

62
Q

colon cancer

A

Begins With Polyps On The Lining Of The colon
Polyps are pre-malignant
treatment Includes Radiation,chemotherapy, or surgery
Survival Rates Vary Depending On Age, treatment response, stage of cancer diagnosis
Risk Factors
Age
Family History
History of Polyps
High intake red meat
IBD
Manifestations
Bleeding
Blood in stool
Altered bowel habits
Diarrhea; constipation; or narrow, pencil-shaped stools
Iron-deficiency anemia
Diagnosis requires histologic confirmation

63
Q

screening for colon cancer

A

Occult blood test
Not very sensitive but used over long periods of time has proven to be beneficial
Colonoscopy
Can reduce death rate by about 60%
Recommended for those over 50
Cologuard test
Detects genetic abnormalities in colonic epithelial cells shed in the stool

64
Q

organ failure

A

Failure of absorption process can be tolerated for a number of days
Severe vomiting or diarrhea may prove fatal
Most susceptible?
Serious morbidity results from complications of disease process rather than from alterations of digestion and absorption
Example, blood loss
Surgical resection of large parts of the gut can be fairly well tolerated
Requires change in food consumption
Tube feedings can provide calories and nutrients
Defecation can be mechanically circumvented with ileostomy or colostomy

understanding human disease (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions