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understanding human disease > chap 19 - disorders of the skin > Flashcards

chap 19 - disorders of the skin Flashcards

1
Q

function of the skin

A

protection
- melanocytes
- nerves and sensory receptors
- hair
- nails
- temp regulation

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2
Q

melanocytes

A

secrete melanin, filters ultraviolet ligjt

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3
Q

nerves and sensory receptors

A

perceive cold, heat, pressure, and pain

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4
Q

hair

A

filters dust and debris

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5
Q

nails

A

protect the ends of the fingers and toes

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6
Q

the skin is made of several layers

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
- accessory organs

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7
Q

epidermis

A

outermost layer

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8
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue, contains sweat glands and blood vessels, hair follicles
- sensory receptors

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9
Q

hypodermis

A

adipose tissue

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10
Q

epidermis layers

A

deep to most superficial
- Stratum Basale (mitotic) (bottom layer) - stem cells
- Keratinocytes = epithelial cells that is packed with protein keratin, which waterproofs the skin
- Melanocytes = making melanin
- Langerhans cells = specialized macrophages that live in the skin
- Stratum spinosum - prickly, little spines
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Only in palms and soles of feet
- Stratum corneum (dead cells filled with keratin, lost as skin in rubbed)
Turnover = 28 days

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11
Q

structure of the dermis

A

Responsible for strength of skin
Structure
Contains
- Blood vessels
- Lymphatics
- Hair follicles
- Sweat glands
Ground substance
- Connective tissue protein
- Elastin
- collagen

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12
Q

most frequent and serious problems

A

Cuts and abscesses
Lesions
- Acne, nevi, and warts
Eczematous dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff)
Rashes
Actinic or solar keratoses = age spots
Skin cancer

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13
Q

signs and symptoms

A

Pruritus = itchiness
Changes in texture, appearance
Pain
Exanthem
- Rash (widespread)

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14
Q

tests

A

biopsy

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15
Q

general conditions of skin

A

Skin color may be a sign of disease
What contributes to skin color?
- Pigmentation
- Blood flow = capillary dilation, inflammation, injury, amount of hemoglobin, oxygenation of blood, substances in blood (bilirubin)
Examples of disorders which lead to skin color changes
- Pregnancy
- Stretch marks - rapid rate of cell division
- Melasma - has to do with the hormones that are going up and changing
- Blood lipid abnormalities - skin xanthoma - deposition of cholesterol
- Diabetic ulcer = lesion (a lot of times on the foot) blood flow is reduced, decreased immune system, neuropathy of extremities – sore gets bigger and bigger
- Autoimmune disease - SLE

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16
Q

lesions

A

infections, infestations, bites
- Bacteria or virus
- Impetigo
- Acne
- Virus
- Warts
- Insects, mites, scabies

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17
Q

lesions: viral disorders

A

varicella zoster virus, warts, impetigo

18
Q

varicella zoster virus

A

Chicken pox - sneaky – hides in the neurons so the immune system can’t see it and this is how it can become shingles in later life
Shingles - typically in one half of the body due to the neurons that the chicken pox hid in
Can lie dormant
Signs and symptoms
Painful vesicles

19
Q

warts

A

More common on feet and hands
Etiology
More than 100 different strains of HPV
Contagious via direct contact
Signs and symptoms
Appearance varies depending on the type of virus and the location involved
Treatment = freeze them off → but they can come back, cut it out

20
Q

impetigo

A

Etiology
Bacteria: streptococci or staphylococcus
Contagious = spread by direct contact with secretions
Signs and symptoms
Fluid-filled, itchy vesicles face
Vesicles enlarge, rupture, then crust over
Treatment? Antibiotics
Predisposing factors = stress = it is an opportunistic infection

21
Q

fungal disorders

A

dermatophytosis, tinea

22
Q

dermatophytosis

A

fungus metabolizing keratin
Skin, nails, hair
Superficial
Located in epidermis

23
Q

tinea

A

Ringworm
Contagious
Thrives in warm, moist area, injured skin more vulnerable
signs and symptoms
Red, raised, scaly, pruritic lesions
Tinea Corporis
Circular lesions
Tinea capitis = scalp, losing parts of your hair
Tinea Unguium
Discolored, thickened, and softened nails
Tinea pedis = feet
Cracking, peeling, skin
Treatment = antifungal - usually start out with topical, may move to oral

24
Q

acne

A

Characterized by presence of
Comedones (blackheads and whiteheads)
Basic lesion of acne
Multiple recurrent crops of pustules on the face, neck, and upper back during puberty and early adulthood
Hair follicles and associated sebaceous gland ducts become plugged with lipid and keratin
Become colonized by propionibacterium acnes
Blocked duct eventually ruptures
Precipitates acute inflammatory reaction
Treatment may include:
Topical or oral antibiotics
Topical or oral retinoid drugs
Accutane - vitamin A derivative, increases the turnover so the ducts don’t clog up
Steroids
To reduce inflammation

25
Q

dermatitis

A

Generic term to describe variety of skin conditions, characterized by inflammation
Acute or chronic
Caused by various stimuli
Atopic (eczema)
Contact
- Poison ivy
- Metals
Seborrheic
Urticaria = hives
Psoriasis

26
Q

atopic dermatitis

A

Eczema
Multifactorial disease with genetic basis influenced by environmental factors
Most common in individuals having other manifestations of atopy (allergy)
Characterized by severe itching

27
Q

psoriasis

A

Chronic inflammatory disease of skin with a multifactorial basis
Characterized by thickened areas of skin with silver-colored scales
Treatment with anti-inflammatory ointments, UVB light, and systemic immunosuppressants

28
Q

disorders of pigmentation

A

Vitiligo and albinism(autosomal recessive) are diseases of depigmentation
Freckle and lentigo are non neoplastic pigmentary lesions
Freckle = increased sensitivity of melanocytes
Number normal
Lentigo = hyperplasia of melanocytes
Melanocytic nevi are benign tumors of melanocytes

29
Q

melanocytic nevus

A

Mole
Caused by benign proliferation of melanocytes
Small macules or papules
Varying shades of brown
More common in fair-skinned individuals
Majority are harmless
Can become malignant
Should be watched by ABCDE

30
Q

skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Squamous cell carcinoma

31
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

Occur in basal cell
Occurs most frequently in sun exposed areas
Rarely metastasized
Appearance
Pink growth
Red patch
Shiny bump
Bleeding
If allowed to grow?

32
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

Proliferation of upper layers of skin (not basal)
Greater risk of metastasizing than basal
Symptoms
Sore that doesn’t’ heal

33
Q

melanoma

A

Most dangerous skin cancer
Neoplasm of melanocytes
Metastasizes early
Does Not respond well to chemotherapy
Occurs more common in areas of sun exposure
More common in children with blistering sunburns
Vs cumulative exposure
Can also occur in places other than skin

34
Q

alopecia

A

abnormal hair loss

35
Q

alopecia areata

A

autoimmune disease resulting in patchy hair loss
- irreversible

36
Q

senscent alopecia

A

age associated hair loss

37
Q

androgenic alopecia

A

male pattern baldness, hormones, genetic predispostion

38
Q

photoaging

A

extrinsic aging
characterized by
- fine coarse wrinkles, sagging, telangiectasia, rough skin texture, irregular hyperpigmentation
- a lot of this happens due to changes in dermis and loss of muscle and fat mass
main cause is UVR
-UVA and UVB

39
Q

UVA

A

penetrate deeper into dermis, promotes tanning, photagining

40
Q

UVB

A

epidermis and upper dermis, sunburn, DNA damage - photocarcinogenesis

41
Q

majority of skin related changes are due to alterations in the

A

dermis
- decrease number and function of fibroblasts = important for making collagen and elastin

42
Q

skin failure occurs with

A

extensive, severe burns
types: 1,2,3
- fluid loss and infection become life-threatening emergencies

understanding human disease (25 decks)

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