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CMA > Chapter 32 > Flashcards

Chapter 32 Flashcards

1
Q

What specimens should be collected first thing in the morning?

A

Nitrite, protein, or pregnancy and microscopic examinations. They are also preferred for possible UTI testing

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2
Q

Where do casts in urine develop in the urinary tract?

A

Casts are created when protein accumulates and precipitates in the kidney tubules and is washed into the urine

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3
Q

What should you do with a specimen after one hour?

A

If it has not been refrigerated, then discard it

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4
Q

What causes a cloudy urine specimen?

A

Turbidity may be caused by cells, bacteria, yeast, vaginal contaminants or crystals

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5
Q

urine with high levels of what should be stored in a dark place before testing?

A

Bilirubin

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6
Q

What condition could cause blue-green urine?

A

Biliverdin, and infection with pseudomonas organisms

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7
Q

The first detectable sign of renal disease?

A

A change in specific gravity

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8
Q

What pad on a dipstick would show positive for a UTI?

A

A positive is any pink color on the nitrite dipstick pad

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9
Q

A fruity odor can cause what to be elevated on a urine dipstick?

A

Ketones

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10
Q

A value of 1.035 specific gravity is considered what?

A

Abnormal or high

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11
Q

A 24 hour urine specimen determines what?

A

Provides a quantitative chemical analysis, such as hormone levels and creatinine clearance rates

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12
Q

Know about the pH of urine

A

Normal, freshly voided urine may have a pH range of 5.5 to 8. Urinary pH varies with metabolic status, diet, drug therapy, and disease. Bacteria in the urine usually makes the pH alkaline(8+)

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13
Q

A small amount of what is present in normal urine

A

Protein and urobilinogen

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14
Q

A child whose urine smells like wet fur, is most likely diagnosed with?

A

Phenylketonuria

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15
Q

Tubular structures found in urine and composed mainly of mucoprotein produced by the kidney?

A

Casts

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16
Q

Signs of liver disease?

A

Bilirubin in the urine(bilirubinuria) and elevated urobilinogen

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17
Q

A CLIA waived urine pregnancy test can detect HCG as early as?

A

1 week after implantation or 4-5 days before a missed period

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18
Q

A urine specimen is tested and has a pH of 8, is this value high, low, normal, or midrange

A

Normal

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19
Q

A small amount of what is usually present in urine?

A

Protein and urobilinogen

20
Q

One of the first detectable signs of liver disease

A

Bilirubinuria

21
Q

A urine sample that can be collected at any given time

A

Random specimen

22
Q

turbid urine sample

A

A urine sample that appears cloudy, and can be caused by cells, bacteria, vaginal contaminants, yeast or crystals

23
Q

An abnormal urine color may be related to

A

Pathologic and nonpathological factors

24
Q

Urine specimens used in diabetes screenings and at home diabetes testing programs

A

Two-hour postprandial urine specimen

25
Q

What is detected in urine samples from patients with uncontrolled diabetes

A

Ketones (ketonuria)

26
Q

What substance in urine indicates kidney damage

A

Red Blood Cells (hemoturia)

27
Q

What are the normal ranges in a urinalysis report

A

1.005-1.030 specific gravity, a pH of 4.8-8, and a renal threshold of below 160mg/dL

28
Q

Polyuria is common in what clinical situation

A

Patients with diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and certain kidney disorders

29
Q

Yeast cells

A

Yeast in urine may indicate vaginal contamination or a UTI. It is also common in patients with diabetes

30
Q

Red Blood Cell casts

A

Always indicate a pathologic condition and are highly diagnostic. They occur in glomerulonephrtis. They are hyaline casts with embedded red blood cells. their presence indicates damage to the glomerulus. They appear brown due to the color of the RBCs

31
Q

Hematuria

A

RBCs in the urine. Can be caused by irritation of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra

32
Q

The urine reagent stick is highly sensitive to what

A

Analytes in the urine

33
Q

Know specific gravity ranges

A

Most samples fall between. 1.010-1.035, the reference ranges are 1.001-1.035

34
Q

Ammonia or putrid smell in urine can be caused by

A

An infection or the urine sample sitting at room temperature for too long

35
Q

Hepatitis can cause what kind of urine

A

Orangish-yellow or greenish-yellow

36
Q

What leads to a whitish-milky colored urine

A

Fats or pus in the urine

37
Q

Toxicology

A

The study of poisonous substances and drugs and their effects on the body

38
Q

Pigment responsible for the color of urine

A

Urochrome

39
Q

Sugar found in the urine

A

Glycosuria

40
Q

Most common test method for a urine pregnancy test

A

Lateral flow immunoassay test

41
Q

Recommendations from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards institute for urine specimens

A

Urine volume should be at least 12mL, the specimen should be centrifuged for 5 minutes at a relative centrifugal force of 400g, a standardized slide should be used, and a consistent reporting format should be used

42
Q

What leads to amber colored urine

A

Dehydration, a concentrated first morning specimen, excessive sweating, and low fluid intake

43
Q

Elevated urobilinogen in the urine

A

Seen in increased red blood cell destruction, liver disease, or total obstruction of the bile duct

44
Q

The presence of casts in urine may be caused by

A

Protein accumulation and precipitation in the kidney tubules that is washed into the urine

45
Q

A change in specific gravity is one of the first indications of kidney disease(T/F)

A

True

46
Q

Trichomonaisin in urine under a microscope does what

A

They are motile and move rapidly

47
Q

Ketones may or may not be present in a urine sample that is at room temperature (T/F)

A

False, ketones evaporate at room temperature

CMA (16 decks)

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