Chapter 32 Flashcards
What specimens should be collected first thing in the morning?
Nitrite, protein, or pregnancy and microscopic examinations. They are also preferred for possible UTI testing
Where do casts in urine develop in the urinary tract?
Casts are created when protein accumulates and precipitates in the kidney tubules and is washed into the urine
What should you do with a specimen after one hour?
If it has not been refrigerated, then discard it
What causes a cloudy urine specimen?
Turbidity may be caused by cells, bacteria, yeast, vaginal contaminants or crystals
urine with high levels of what should be stored in a dark place before testing?
Bilirubin
What condition could cause blue-green urine?
Biliverdin, and infection with pseudomonas organisms
The first detectable sign of renal disease?
A change in specific gravity
What pad on a dipstick would show positive for a UTI?
A positive is any pink color on the nitrite dipstick pad
A fruity odor can cause what to be elevated on a urine dipstick?
Ketones
A value of 1.035 specific gravity is considered what?
Abnormal or high
A 24 hour urine specimen determines what?
Provides a quantitative chemical analysis, such as hormone levels and creatinine clearance rates
Know about the pH of urine
Normal, freshly voided urine may have a pH range of 5.5 to 8. Urinary pH varies with metabolic status, diet, drug therapy, and disease. Bacteria in the urine usually makes the pH alkaline(8+)
A small amount of what is present in normal urine
Protein and urobilinogen
A child whose urine smells like wet fur, is most likely diagnosed with?
Phenylketonuria
Tubular structures found in urine and composed mainly of mucoprotein produced by the kidney?
Casts
Signs of liver disease?
Bilirubin in the urine(bilirubinuria) and elevated urobilinogen
A CLIA waived urine pregnancy test can detect HCG as early as?
1 week after implantation or 4-5 days before a missed period
A urine specimen is tested and has a pH of 8, is this value high, low, normal, or midrange
Normal
A small amount of what is usually present in urine?
Protein and urobilinogen
One of the first detectable signs of liver disease
Bilirubinuria
A urine sample that can be collected at any given time
Random specimen
turbid urine sample
A urine sample that appears cloudy, and can be caused by cells, bacteria, vaginal contaminants, yeast or crystals
An abnormal urine color may be related to
Pathologic and nonpathological factors
Urine specimens used in diabetes screenings and at home diabetes testing programs
Two-hour postprandial urine specimen
What is detected in urine samples from patients with uncontrolled diabetes
Ketones (ketonuria)
What substance in urine indicates kidney damage
Red Blood Cells (hemoturia)
What are the normal ranges in a urinalysis report
1.005-1.030 specific gravity, a pH of 4.8-8, and a renal threshold of below 160mg/dL
Polyuria is common in what clinical situation
Patients with diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and certain kidney disorders
Yeast cells
Yeast in urine may indicate vaginal contamination or a UTI. It is also common in patients with diabetes
Red Blood Cell casts
Always indicate a pathologic condition and are highly diagnostic. They occur in glomerulonephrtis. They are hyaline casts with embedded red blood cells. their presence indicates damage to the glomerulus. They appear brown due to the color of the RBCs
Hematuria
RBCs in the urine. Can be caused by irritation of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra
The urine reagent stick is highly sensitive to what
Analytes in the urine
Know specific gravity ranges
Most samples fall between. 1.010-1.035, the reference ranges are 1.001-1.035
Ammonia or putrid smell in urine can be caused by
An infection or the urine sample sitting at room temperature for too long
Hepatitis can cause what kind of urine
Orangish-yellow or greenish-yellow
What leads to a whitish-milky colored urine
Fats or pus in the urine
Toxicology
The study of poisonous substances and drugs and their effects on the body
Pigment responsible for the color of urine
Urochrome
Sugar found in the urine
Glycosuria
Most common test method for a urine pregnancy test
Lateral flow immunoassay test
Recommendations from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards institute for urine specimens
Urine volume should be at least 12mL, the specimen should be centrifuged for 5 minutes at a relative centrifugal force of 400g, a standardized slide should be used, and a consistent reporting format should be used
What leads to amber colored urine
Dehydration, a concentrated first morning specimen, excessive sweating, and low fluid intake
Elevated urobilinogen in the urine
Seen in increased red blood cell destruction, liver disease, or total obstruction of the bile duct
The presence of casts in urine may be caused by
Protein accumulation and precipitation in the kidney tubules that is washed into the urine
A change in specific gravity is one of the first indications of kidney disease(T/F)
True
Trichomonaisin in urine under a microscope does what
They are motile and move rapidly
Ketones may or may not be present in a urine sample that is at room temperature (T/F)
False, ketones evaporate at room temperature
